In the heavy snowy and cold cities, huge energy and cost have been spent for cleaning snow in urban area, especially in public area roads and pedestrian ways. It causes to the global warming, therefore cutting back on the emission of gases is required to the urban design in the snowy cities. Authors developed the block designs that reduce the snow accumulation on the public roads and pedestrian ways in downtown area Sapporo City, Hokkaido Japan. Four types of the block designs, individual developing type, unified height type, mountain shape type and close rounding type were compared how much accumulate snow in the public area with snow simulations using the wind tunnel. At the result, the block design with close rounding type should be most desirable design for reducing snow cleaning energy and emission CO2 gases in downtown area.

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2011年3月11日の東日本大震災以降，今後の公共建築 の在り方について様々な議論がなされており，特に生活に 最も密着した集会の場である地域集会施設は，公共建築と 地域との関係を再考する議論の中心にあると言える。その ような状況の中で，今後の地域集会施設を設計する建築家 は，さらに地域との関わりを具体化することが求められる と考えられる。しかし，これまで現代の地域集会施設を設 計する建築家が，地域との関係をどのように考えまた具体 化してきたかといった思考の総体は曖昧であると言える。 したがって本論では，現代日本の建築家の地域集会施設の 設計論の中から，地域と関わりをもつ主題を抽出し，さら にその主題の具体化を領域的に分類整理すること(地域と の接点領域の分析)で，建築家の地域における社会的枠組 みに関する思考の一端を明らかにしている。

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 The commemoration of specific people and events has been one of the important role of architectures in society since a long time ago, as Adrian Forty, who is a famous historian states that “The creation of buildings for commemoration is one of the oldest purposes of architecture. The expectation that works of architecture can prolong collective social memory of persons or events beyond the mental recollections of individuals who knew or witnessed them at first hand has been a regular feature of architecture since antiquity, ···” in “Words and Buildings: A Vocabulary of Modern Architecture”. In contemporary architectures the memorial architectures are built with the purpose of the commemoration. Here we aim to illustrate contemporary Japanese architect's thoughts on the commemoration by investigating design theories of the memorial architecture.
 Initially several descriptions about the architect's intention in designing the memorial architecture were extracted from each design theory. First these descriptions were analyzed by applying the method created by Jiro Kawakita, and were classified into two meaning ; one is the meaning proper to commemoration, which contains “expression of the commemoration object” and “transmission of the commemoration object”, the other is the meaning attendant on commemoration, which contains “relationship with local society”, “relationship with surrounding environment” and “relationship with interior capability”.
 Secondly the combination of these meanings in each design theory was studied. Then following characteristic design theories were found ; the design theory in which an intention about the meaning attendant on commemoration is described and the design theory in which both intentions about the meaning proper to commemoration and intentions about the meaning attendant on commemoration are described.
 Thirdly several descriptions about the way to represent the architect's intention were extracted and analyzed. The descriptions of the representation were abstracted into two different level ; the level of object to represent and the level of character of the object. Then the object to represent was classified into “whole” and “part”, and the character of the object was classified into “shape”, “color - material”, “composition” and “scale”.
 Consequently, the relationship between the architect's intention and its representation were analyzed, and following characteristic relationships between the architect's intention and its representation were found ; the meaning proper to commemoration and “part”, the meaning attendant on commemoration and “whole”.

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 This study focuses on continuous thoughts of architectural expression in designing several architectures. These thoughts are one of the important methodology for executing works continuously. There are some theories in which architects and architectural critics referred to the importance of these thoughts. For examples, Shozo Baba, who is one of the authoritative editor in architectural journalism, insists that continuous thoughts of architectural expression is essential for architects to leave a mark on society through the long-term creative activity. From these points, this report aims to illustrate continuous thoughts of architectural expression by contemporary Japanese architects. In order to clarify it, design theories on a series of works by one architect on the same design theme are focused.
 Firstly the contents of each design theory were analyzed, and several descriptions of the design theme common to a series of works were extracted (Fig. 1). The meanings of these descriptions were classified into five categories, which were “theme on form”, “theme on space”, “theme on composition”, “theme on construction-technology”, and “theme on surrounding environment” (Table 1). Then most of the design theories contained “theme on form”, “theme on space”, “theme on composition”, and “theme on construction-technology”. On the other hand few design theories contained in “theme on surrounding environment”.
 Secondly continuous thoughts of architectural expression were analyzed from a viewpoint of two aspects ; one is the relationship among each work’s architectural expression, the other is the way of setting the prototype model of the architectural expression in the process of executing works. The former aspect was classified into three categories, which were “similar”, “different”, and “mixed” (Fig. 2, 3). The later aspect was classified into two categories, which were “deductive way” and “inductive way” (Fig. 4). Then, through analyzing the relationship with both two aspects, following characteristic combinations of both two aspects were found ; firstly “deductive way” and “different”, secondly “inductive way” and “similar”, lastly “inductive way” and “different” (Fig. 5).
 Consequently, the relationship between the meanings of design theme and the contents of above two aspects was considered and analyzed totally (Fig. 6). As a result, in each design theme, there are several tendencies on above two aspects were founded. Firstly in “theme on form”, “different” was found largely, regardless of the way of setting the prototype model. Secondly in “theme on space”, four combinations were found ; “deductive way” and “similar”, “deductive way” and “different”, “inductive way” and “similar”, “inductive way” and “mixed”. Thirdly in “theme on composition”, a characteristic combination was found ; “deductive way” and “different”. Lastly in “theme on construction-technology”, two characteristic combinations were found ; “inductive way” and “similar”, “inductive way” and “different”.

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 When designing buildings, architectural designers interprets traditional Japanese values that exist from the past such as transient four seasons, traditional islands' culture, Buddhism sprit and ritual or event keeping people from interacting of Japan on their own and reflect to their design. The potential “Japaneseness” are exposed in buildings created through such processes, thus buildings have various aspects, and it is especially shown in text description of buildings. In this research, the objective is to reveal how architectural designers see “Japaneseness” through their design process and embody it in buildings analyzing the text description by architectural designers.

 The flow of this research is as below:
 1. Subject of this research is 1910 samples from the text description that architectural designers refer to “Japaneseness” in architectural magazine, Shinkenchiku during 1950-2011.
 2. Extract the sentences that contain words: Typical Japanese Element, Disposition, Building Component and Operation. Typical Japanese Element is the word that indicates objects and events as Japaneseness. Disposition is the word attributes of the Typical Japanese Element. Building Component is the word of architectural component or materials reflecting Typical Japanese Elements. Operation is the word described as the act to Building Component by the architectural designers.
 3. Analyze and consider correspondence relationships between Typical Japanese Element and Disposition, Building Component, Typical Japanese Element and Building Component, and Typical Japanese Element and Operation.
 4. Based on the tendencies of correspondence analysis, frameworks of semantic content are derived. Using them to make a matrix to identify aspects of “Japaneseness,” categorize them into types and provide insights of them to conclude.

 Through the investigation of the matrix between Typical Japanese Element, Deposition, Building Component and Operation, 24 different types of polymorphism of “Japaneseness” were derived. Three different vernacular aspects how architectural designers consider “Japaneseness” are observed from: location defined by the existence of certain location, contexture cultivated on land as time passes and feelings and activities conjured up by local people. Thus, translating above with considering the time, architectural designers consider “Japaneseness” in the followings: periodic transition such as the climate depending on the location, constant shake such as relationships between internal and external space, continuous change such as contexture, and movement of sensitive or action at a certain time. Moreover, architectural designers express “Japaneseness” in three different design methods; symbolizing not buildings themselves but background scenery and deep feeling, arranging function between spaces or bringing out aspects of surrounding object, making an attraction which promotes our activities and generates feelings.

 Consequently, it is said that these elements are vague, since architectural designers in Japan set the timeline that can be seen as constant motion, and discover three vernacular aspects such as periodic, continuous and instantaneous. Moreover, they embody the feelings taken from the past in buildings and inherit them as substances, utilize the surrounding elements by operating buildings according to the vernacular elements at design process, and assume the spatial experience in the future and induce the human activities through architecture. Overall it is revealed that they see ideal buildings that are present to the location, not for advocating buildings themselves, and also assume their buildings as a catalyst that carries on the Japanese vernacular characteristics from the past to now and to the future.

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