The posture of the Japanese ground self-defence were investigated try means of the conformateure. The results am as follows: 1) It was revealed that the postures of the defence officials were free from the round shoulder which was characterised in most of the university students from 18 to 22 years of age. 2) The analysis of inclinationα andα', which showed the character of the posture. of the posture "at attention" were the following: at Attention at Rest ∠α -4°~10° -4°~8° ∠α' -2°~14° -2°~14° 3) The age, career and Rohrer's index did not seem to be any definite factors in the posture

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the Course of Physical Training in the Syllabus of the Junior High School attached to Tokyo Higher Normal School (JHSATHNS) issued in 1907. Normal gymnastics (NG, consisting of the Swedish System of gymnastics ‹SG›, normal gymnastics, and games), and military gymnastics (MG, consisting of military drill ‹MD› and apparatus gymnastics ‹AG›) of the 1907 Syllabus were compared with the 1904 Report by the Committee on Games and Gymnastics and the results may be summarized as follows:
1) According to the results of the investigation at the Japanese National Diet Library, there was only one syllabus for Junior High Schools compared with 195 for Elementary Schools in Japan.
2) The purpose of the 1907 edition was similar to that of the 1904 Report, and the contents and methods of NG also followed the conclusion of the 1904 Report. Although SG had been introduced in Japan, the purpose of SG was omitted and the description of SG was simple in the 1907 edition. It was time to change the system of gymnastics from NG to SG in Japan. SG might have been tried at JHSATHNS at that time.
3) MD of the 1907 edition were based on the Manual on Infantry Drill issued in 1898 and AG were based on the Manual of Military Gymnastics issued in 1903. But light calisthenics were omitted from MG in the 1907 edition. It was also the conclusion of the 1904 Report.
4) NG and MG in the 1907 edition were influenced by the 1904 Report.

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The first alpine ski racing event in Japan was held on January 21, 1912 at a 4-kilometer course from Asahiyama to Haizuka（later called Lerch course）with 20 red flags set along the course. Forty-four skiers, divided into three groups, took part in the event. The race was won by Kosaburo Kogure with a time of 25 minutes. The weather was fine on the day of the race and the course conditions were good. Lieutenant colonel Lerch, who was the starter as well as the sweeper, praised the skiers for their good performance. There are five original articles on the race and errors can be found in all of them. Some examples of erroneous statements in past articles are that 1）the race was held on February 11, 1911, 2）fifty skiers took part in the race, 3）there was 3-shaku of fresh snow, 4）the skiers were divided into two groups or into four groups, 5）the winning time was 26 minutes and 50 seconds, and 6）red beech wood was used for the poles.

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In December of 1910 the Ministry of Army decided that research on the military benefits of skiing should be started by the Takada Division, located in the most famous area covered with heavy snow because skiing had never been done in Japan. The instructor was Theodor von Lerch, an Austrian officer, staying at the Takada Infantry Regiment as foreign military observer. The history of skiing established by non-historians shows that soon after the benefit of skiing as physical activity for youth in the snow area was recognized because of the results of the skiing practice for military officers for one month, the Divisional Commander intended to start a course for school teachers of gymnastics. However, a half month before starting the research, "Articles for Researching Skiing" were directed by the commander, in which three problems about utilizing skiing for the public were outlined as well as the problems for military benefits. The first of them was the research concerning popular transportation, the second concerning a physical activity of youth in the snow areas, and the third on devising the skiing equipment and footwear suited to the customs and life style of the citizens. According to this, the commander had intended to spread skiing for the civil benefits by the time the research started. In fact, people were informed about skiing through newspapers at the same time the research started and before the arrival of Lerch. Additionally it is not found in any original materials that a skiing race was held as the final examination for officers, which appeared in the established history of skiing. Therefore, the established history of skiing has to be corrected. The aim of this article is to rewrite the history of skiing in Takada by examining historical materials, particularly "The Official Report by the Division on the Researches of Introducing Skiing", a supplement of the journal "Kaiko-sya Kiji" edited and published by the Military Officers Club in 1912.

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