In order to estimate type and trajectory of the fired bullet from the analysis of the ricochet mark, we carried out the gunfire test against the inclined target. 1.2 mm thin steel plates were used as intermediate targets in this study. The following are types of cartridges which were used: 25 AUTO., 32 AUTO., 7.62 mm Tokarev, 380 AUTO., 38 SPL. (FMC), 38 SPL. (LRN), 9 mm Luger and 45 AUTO.. The target was put in a wooden frame. The angle of incidence was changed by rotating the wooden frame.
  We could classify the deformation morphology on the thin steel plate into 4 patterns: Ricochet mark without the crack (Type 1), Ricochet mark with the small crack (Type 2), Ricochet mark with the large crack (Type 3), Penetration (Type 4). Metal from the bullet surface was left on the surface of the target. It was thought that the crack in the edge of the ricochet mark (Type 2 or 3) was caused by the friction arising from the rifling rotation of the fired bullet. The length of the ricochet mark in the longitudinal direction L increases with increase of the kinetic energy of the bullet E. The value of L was relative to the kinetic energy resolved into the horizontal component of the velocity Ecos²θ_i (θ_i: the angle of incidence). Except for 380 AUTO. and 38 SPL., the value of L was almost independent of E and Ecos²θ_i respectively. The ratio of the angle of ricochet θ_r to the angle of incidence θ_i was around 1 to 2. Therefore, caliber and type of a fired bullet and the trajectory can be determined from the analysis of the ricochet mark and the contour when the bullet is fired into a 1.2 mm thin steel plate.

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 Strange shaped fired bullets were found in a suicide case. While one fired casing was found in the cylinder of a Paltik revolver, one column-shaped fired bullet was found in the head of a dead man and one longer gourd-shaped fired bullet was found in the barrel of the Paltik revolver.
 As a result of the gunfire test with revolvers and round-nose-cartridges, firing the revolver with a lodged (first) bullet and propellant powder in the barrel, the first bullet became column-shaped and the next bullet became a longer gourd-shaped. We had carried out X-raying the bullet's collision in the barrel, and we found out that the bullets had deformed in the barrel within a very short time. In the gunfire test, the amount of propellant powder in the barrel was larger than that in the next cartridge, so by regulating the amount of propellant powder, the velocity of the next bullet was reduced.

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We investigated about a perforation behavior of a 0.8mm thin steel plate by a fired 38 caliber bullet. The two bullets, Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) and Lead Round Nose (LRN), were fired by a 38 caliber revolver. The perforation behavior was taken by a high speed camera with 105 frames per second. A collision side of the fired bullet and a thin steel plug punched out by the fired bullet were observed. A compressive stress area was occurred at the center of the collision side. On the thin steel plug, an area adhered of the bullet material was observed in the circumference of the compressive stress area. It was thought that the adherent of the bullet material occurred by the friction between the fired bullet and the thin steel plate. Because the collision side of the fired bullet was flat, it was thought that the bullet deformed before the thin steel plate started to deformation. The thin steel plate was indented by the fired bullet. Then, a circular crack occurred on the thin steel plate. The edge of the crack on the thin steel plate corresponded to the edge of the flat area on the fired bullet. The fired bullet passed the circular crack, and a hole opened.

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 In a case that a gun shooting crime occurs, investigators are required to estimate the shot position, shot direction and the types of gun used at the scene. The lead bullets with revolvers calibered as 38SPL are used more often than metal-jacketed bullets at shooting crime scenes in Japan. The fired bullets picked up at the scenes are deformed in many cases, and sometimes fragmented, because of the collision against a structure.
 There is almost no report focused on the relationship between the angle of collision and the feature of lead bullet fragments. This paper gives the relationship based on the experimental result that the lead bullet collided against the steel plate or concrete block as rigid bodies.
 As a result, the heel of a lead bullet was fragmented by the collision against rigid body in the case that the angle of collision was more than 60°, and not fragmented in the case that the angle of collision was less than 30°.

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This manuscript is part of a series of works studying the reality of Japanese weapons exports in the pre-World War II. In that context, this manuscript aims to analyze the reality of Japan’s export of weapons to Russia, which got into full swing after the start of World War I, and investigate the background and the reasons for it. From the start of World War I in 1915 through 1916, The reason for this was the Japanese government’s political and diplomatic policy, which was aimed at strengthening its relations with Russia so as to achieve independence from European society centred on Britain and France and establishing its position in Asia. That is to say, Japan, while responding to Russia’s request for the provision of weapons, strengthened its own domestic weapons production system. This led to the establishment of Japan’s national security in the 1920s and furthermore, in my opinion, led to a long-term strategy of building a system for total war. By investigating the reality of weapons exports to Russia, which was not always regarded as important in previous research, this manuscript emphasizes the deep connection between weapons exports and the issues of national security.

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一定速度を以て廻韓する圓板の周面に夜光剤を塗り,該表面に接近して配置した聞隙に火花を飛ばせて,光輝ある細線を夜光剤上に作らせる様にした測時機とその實用の實例について述べる.此測時機の特長は寫眞の様に現像する必要がなく叉夜光剤は取換へる必要がないから,その経費も時間も節約し得て,且つ結果が即座に得られ,又別に暗黒な室を要しないとである.而してその談差は銃口前5mの平均速度を求める場合に於て0.3%で,若し10mの平均速度とすれば0.2%以下である.最後に38式の公算誤差の調査結果が掲げてある.

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銃から弾丸を発射する際、主として雷管の成分が熱を受けて飛散し、銃を発射した人の手や袖等に多数付着する。これが銃発射残渣(GSR)である。容疑者の手等から付着物を採取し、Pb、Sb、Ba のすべてを含む １μm 程度の球形微粒子を多数検出することにより銃発射の客観的な証拠としている。しかし、1990年代から重金属フリーの雷管を使用した弾丸カートリッジが登場し[1]、その場合には上記成分は検出されない。そこで、赤外放射光分光分析により有機化合物を検出することにより、銃発射の証明を目指すものである。

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 The multiple shots from the close range to a vehicle had occurred, and seven entrance holes was observed on the side window of the vehicle. After the analysis of the residues collected around the holes, the part of the residues had included the specific elements: lead, barium, and antimony. Based on the analysis results, the residues were concluded as GSR. However, the collected samples had included few numbers of the particle consisted of the specific three components comparing to the one or two components. So, we arranged the firing experiment to clarify the reason why the less amount of three components particles was detected.

 The experimental results showed that the total amount of lead-containing particles had increased and the ratio of three components particles had decreased, with the shooting distance getting close.

 In this paper, we suggested the two points below for the identification of GSR collected from the target subjected to a close-range shot.

(1) Analyze as many particles as possible using the automatic analysis function so as not to miss the three components particles.

(2) Focus on not only the three components particles but also particles containing the one or two specific elements to improve the reliability of the positive results.

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  At rifle shooting, some adjustments on a riflescope, called “zeroing”, are required for precise aiming, and done with multiple trial fires. It is a matter of course that more trial shots make zeroing more correctly. However, no conventional data could be found to know how many trials make zeroing how accurately. There are some limits for firing a large amount of ammunition, to know the fact, causing not only budget but legal. Therefore, a distribution of bullet marks is analyzed at the setout, and it is ascertained that follows gauss distribution. Following simulations are based on that fact. Differences between bullet marks and the center of crosshair are normalized with their standard deviation to make relation free from shooter's skills, machining accuracies, and such shooting environments. Required numbers of trial shot are calculated to achieve arbitrary accuracies conclusively.

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We report a rare case of a mixed thyroid papillary and medullary carcinoma originating in the parapharyngeal space. The patient was a 57-year-old female with a swollen subparotid area and no swelling of the lymph node in her neck. A CT scan and MRI demonstrated a large mass in the left parapharyngeal space. The tumor was resected surgically using the push-up method. Microscopic studies revealed that the tumor was composed of papillary carcinoma tissue positive for thyroglobulin and medullary carcinoma tissue positive for Grimelius and chromoguranin stains, supporting the diagnosis of a mixed papillary and medullary carcinoma. Lymphoid tissue was not identified in the tumor tissue. There was neither primary nor metastatic sites in any organs, suggesting that the tumor may have originated in the parapharyngeal space.

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散弾粒の一部を酸に溶解した後,これに含まれる微量のCu,Ag及びAsを,Pbから分離することなく直接黒鉛炉AASで定量する方法を確立した.灰化温度と吸光度の関係に対するPbの影響を調べた結果,Cuは灰化温度500℃で,Agは400℃でそれぞれ共存するPbの影響が最小となった.この条件では,200μgml^-1以下のPbが溶液中に共存してもPbによる干渉は確認されなかった.Asについては,1)Pd+アスコルビン酸と2)Niの2種類のマトリックス修飾剤を比較した結果,前者を用いた場合には共存するPbによって負の干渉を受けるのに対し,後者を用いた場合には500μgml^-1以下のPbが共存しても干渉を受けないことが確認された.本法をNBSの標準試料の分析に応用したところ,いずれの元素も良好な回収率を示した.更に実際の散弾粒に含まれるCu,Ag及びAsの定量を行った結果,本法による分析値の繰り返し誤差は製造ロットの違いによる含有量の相違と比較して十分に小さく,従って,製造ロットの異なる散弾粒について本法をその識別に応用することが可能であった.

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