In recent years, with the economic development and the improvement of living standards in China, the energy consumption has been increasing significantly. To create a sustainable society, it is important to clarify the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the residential sector, especially that in the urban houses because China is in the process of urbanization.
 Studies on the residential energy consumption in China have been carried out in Japan as well as China. Yoshino et al.¹⁾ have made clear the energy consumption of apartment houses for six Chinese cities by surveying; Zhang et al.²⁾ clarified the energy consumption for the capital cities in China in 1997 using the official statistics, developing a model predicting energy consumption in the residential houses in China; Ning et al.³⁾ investigated the structure of energy consumption using the Chinese statistics; Yu et al.⁴⁾ clarified energy consumption by questionnaire surveying and simulations for six Chinese cities; Ling et al.⁵⁾ investigated the consumption of electricity and gas for 23 areas in Beijing and made clear the average energy consumption except energy for district heating. All these studies can be classified into two methods: statistical and survey methods. With the statistical method, researches often face the problem of lacking the items needed in their researches; but with the survey method, it is difficult to tell if the results can represent the reality. Because the statistical method is based on large number of residents, it is used in this study. All the studies mentioned above have not been able to make clear the trend of energy consumption in the urban houses, nor the CO₂ emissions caused by the energy consumption.
 In this study, based on Chinese statistics, unit energy consumption for 277 Chinese cities is clarified during the period of 2002-2012. The emissions of CO₂ caused by energy consumption per household are also analyzed. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
 (1) Energy consumption per urban household increases from 12.3 GJ to 23.1GJ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The percentage of each kind of energy was clarified;
 (2) The emissions of CO₂ per urban household increases from 1, 689 kg CO₂ to 3,559 kg CO₂ in the period of 2002 - 2012. The weight of CO₂ emissions caused by different kinds of energy resources was made clear;
 (3) Energy consumption and CO₂ emissions per household in the capital cities is 1.44-fold and 1.42-fold of the average, respectively.

抄録全体を表示

本研究は、中国の 212都市を対象として、土地使用権の流動性と都市特性との関連性を明らかにした上で、地域の状況に応じた今後の土地利用管理政策についての方向性を提示することを目的としたものである。先ず、 1949年から現在までの中国の土地利用制度と土地管理政策を整理し、五つの時期に分け、各時期の特徴を明らかにする。次に、対象都市の都市経済指標と土地利用指標を用いて、主成分分析 /クラスター分析を行い、 7グループに類型し、各グループの経済発展レベルと都市化レベルの対応関係及び特徴を明らかにする。最後に、類型ごとの都市特性と土地使用権の転換状況の関係を比較分析・考察し、その結果に基づいて、類型ごとの今後の土地利用管理政策の方向性を提示している。

抄録全体を表示

Which Chinese automobile firms participated in the clustering? This paper introduces the Di* statistic, a modification of the firm-level Di statistic, which Scholl and Brenner (2016) proposed to identify industrial clusters without predetermined borders to address the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP). Utilizing this MAUP-free method and a meticulously constructed micro-geographic dataset based on the firm-level dataset of the 2008 China Economic Census, this paper detects clustered automobile firms across mainland China for the first time.

The geographical distribution of automobile industry clusters indicates that clustering of the automobile firms is not limited to the well-known six major automobile industry clustering areas but also extends to most other regions of mainland China. It is noteworthy that automobile firms do not widely agglomerate throughout these regions but rather cluster in select prefectures, counties, towns, or villages. The “Major Six” areas are too vast for effective automobile cluster analysis.

Domestic private enterprises play a significantly important role in China’s automobile clustering. However, foreign-funded enterprises and large state-holding enterprises have also contributed to automobile clustering in China.

Provincial-level regions are categorized based on the ownership types of clustered automobile firms, with a primary focus on large and medium-sized enterprises. These regions can generally be classified into: (i) clustering regions dominated by domestic non-state-holding enterprises (Zhejiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei), (ii) clustering regions dominated by state-holding enterprises (Hubei, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia), (iii) clustering regions dominated by foreign-funded enterprises (Guangdong, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Liaoning), and (iv) mixed type clustering regions (Chongqing, Jilin, Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Hainan).

However, automobile firms only cluster in specific areas within each province, and the clustering in these areas exhibits various distinct characteristics. As an example of detailed analysis of clustering within a province, the clustering patterns of automobile firms within Jiangsu Province are examined by plotting clustered firms on the map of Jiangsu Province. In Jiangsu Province, automobile firms predominantly cluster along the Shanghai-Nanjing railway. While majority of clustered firms are domestic non-state-holding enterprises in Jiangsu Province overall, there are regions like Nanjing where subsidiaries of major state-holding automobile groups such as SAIC play a significant role, as well as regions like the eastern area of Suzhou where foreign enterprises dominate, located close to the cluster areas in the northwest of Shanghai.

抄録全体を表示

Family management of agriculture by utilizing scattered farmland on a small scale is one of the main characteristics of modern agriculture in China. It is also normally considered as one important factor that hinders the increase of agricultural productivity. The Chinese government started to implement the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture in the year 1999. Under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture, development of large scale agricultural management was facilitated by the government through policy support.

This study is based on an investigation and analysis of the cotton producing regions in Gaoyang County, Hebei Province. In particular, an analysis of the business evolution of L Farm Enterprise was made as an example of a pioneer in large scale cotton production in Gaoyang County. The purpose of this study is to clarify the process and trend of large scale agricultural management development under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture. In addition, challenges facing the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture are also reviewed.

Under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture, the government of Gaoyang County implemented a series of policies with the purpose of facilitating the development of large scale agricultural management and agricultural systematization. In these circumstances, a small number of farm households and organizations appeared that practice large scale agricultural management through tenanting. In parallel, the development of the cotton textile industry attracted a large amount of farm labor, which caused a reduction in the number of farm households doing labor intensive cotton production. As a result, a small number of large scale farm households and organizations replaced a number of small scale farm households and become the pillar of cotton production in Gaoyang County.

With the expansion of cotton production, farmland available for large scale cotton production was began to decline. In these circumstances, a small number of large scale farm households started to expand cotton production through tenanting in areas other than Gaoyang County, and kept only the high value added agricultural sector in Gaoyang County. Thus it is expected that the role of Gaoyang County in the Chinese domestic cotton supply system will change in the future.

Through investigation of L Farm Enterprise, it was discovered that various complicated problems are facing large scale agricultural management. L Farm Enterprise tried to avoid or overcome negative factors in order to maintain stable incomes. In parallel, it expanded the planted areas and applied a strategy aimed at the diversification of business. But when facing similar problems, most farm households don’t have enough capital to expand their farming area through tenanting and hiring labor, thus they are hardly able to realize large scale agricultural management.

Based on the above phenomena, the last part of this thesis analyzed the loss of farming labor and the centralization of farmland. It is an important way to promote the large scale agricultural management in order to realize the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. In parallel, efforts should also be taken to create an environment that encourages stability and growth in earnings for small scale agricultural management.

抄録全体を表示