Paleo-Asiatic refers to non-Altaic and non-Uralic languages. At present, Chukchi Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut are language families, while Nivkh and Ainu are isolate languages. Manchu-Tungusic languages are concentrated in the Amur River basin (only Even, Uilta, and Sibe are entirely outside it). The Manchu-Tungusic basic protolanguage split up about two thousand years ago in the area, the center of which was probably the Lesser Khingan Range. It makes sense to distinguish three historical Manchu-Tungusic language varieties: basic, intermediate, and final protolanguages.
Lexical borrowings from Paleo-Asiatic languages are 1) in some modern Manchu-Tungusic languages (exclusive borrowings from Yukaghir and Chukchi-Kamchatkan in Even, from Nivkh in Negidal and Uilta, from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in Udege), 2) in the Amur-Sakhalin area languages (borrowings from Nivkh), 3) borrowings from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in the ancestor of Evenki, Even, Negidal, and Solon, 4) borrowings from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in the Manchu-Tungusic intermediate protolanguage, to which go back Oroch, Udege, Evenki, Even, Negidal, and Solon, 5) in the basic Manchu-Tungusic protolanguage there might be one lexical borrowing from the ancestor of the Nivkh language.
Early contacts between the Manchu-Tungusic languages and the Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages were over several centuries, probably somewhere in the basins of the northern tributaries of the Amur River.
With a very limited number of lexical borrowings from the Paleo-Asiatic languages into the Manchu-Tungusic ones, the borrowing of some words belonging to the basic lexicon seems surprising.

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This paper investigates the current state of Russian interpreter training in Japan, and includes analyses of syllabi from universities, language schools, and other institutions. It also explores the history of Russian interpreter training in Japan by compiling previous research and audio recordings from symposiums held by the Association of Russian Interpreters. Russian interpreter training evolved along with the beginnings of Russian language education in Japan, and at present, the number of university courses including interpreting training has increased. However, the emphasis of this training still focuses primarily on language enhancement. This study also addresses the role of the Association of Russian Interpreters as a “community of practice” in skill-based training in Japan, as this point distinguishes Russian interpreting training from that of other language pairs. Finally, this paper calls attention to specific issues such as insufficient language mastery, and explores the future possibilities of Russian interpreter training in Japan.

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