The symposium at the 104th meeting of the Japanese Association of Law and Political Science, presided by Haruko Ogawa and Machiko Kamio, was held at Hyogo University of Teacher Education of 2006 on June 17^<th> at 14:00 to 17:30. Five panels made the following presentations in this session; 1. A Policy concering a sharp drop in the birthrate and family: Megumi Kanagawa (Wakayaka University) 2. Social welfare policy and family in Japan: Miyuki Osagami (Ryukoku University) 3. Child abuse pretent on law enforcement and family structure: Michiyo Wada (Osaka Gakuin University) 4. A study of the succession system in the little child and elderly society -Focusing mainly on the spouse heirship-: Akira Tsudi (Osaka Seikei University) 5. A Legal Problem in the Succession of the Grave: Tomoko Hoshino (Osaka Womens' Junior College) After the presentations, the session was open for questions and answeres. In closing, expressing her gratitude for the panels and those who were involved in this session, the chairpersons wound up the symposium with the conclusion as bellows; Any law or any policy would not enhance its effect unless people who evaluate the law or policy enhance their awareness of it.

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The 98th general meeting and symposium of The Japanese Association of Law and Political Science were held at Tomakomai Komazawa University on 7th and 8th of the year 2003. In the afternoon sessions of the symposium organized on the uniform theme, "The law and policy about child-parent re lationship" four panelists presented their study reports. First, panelist Tamotsu Saegusa from Nagoya Gakuin University presented on the theme of "The New Role of the Criminal Law in Child Abuse" Second, panelist Yoshinobu Araki from Matsusaka University presented on the theme of "Authoritarian Personality, Child Abuse and Intergenerational Transmission" Third, panelist Tomiyuki Ogawa from Hiroshima University of Economics presented on the theme of "The New Role of the Criminal Law in Child Abuse" Fourth, panelist Machiko Kamio from Shobi University presented on the theme of "Parent and Child in the Social Security Law" After these important reports, each reporter responded to some questions and opinions from several members of the floor. This symposium ended successfully at 17:30. We are thankful to Prof. Yutaka Higashi and all other people at Tomakomai Komazawa University who helped this symposium.

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In Japan to establish Family Law legal rights, a marriage must be registered. The legislation is a separate formality from the marriage ceremony. The marriage ceremony alone does not constitute marriage in Japan. Property distribution problems and inequalities upon breakdown of the relationships arises from the failure, or, the inability to register the marriage. In the past a couple could not register the marriage unless certain legal requirements were met, for example, one requirement being parental consent. These relationships were called "Naien". The couple's relationships lacked register was not marriage, so they could not be treated as the married couple, but the couple had the intention to register and had been living together as a married couple, so the "Junkon principle" was developed to bring these couple, who could not register the marriage, under the jurisdiction of Family Law. The "Junkon principle" allowed the lack of legislation to be overcome provided the couple met certain requirements. However, De Facto couples are increasing in Japan. In Japan these couples are ones that have no clear intention to register as a married couple, this could be evidenced by their choosing not to register when there was no obstacles preventing them doing so. These relationships are offered no legal protection. This situation would usually work to the women's disadvantage as most property would be held in the man's name. Therefore there is a need to address this problem as the "Junkon principle" can't be extended to Non-"Naien" couples, Problems of this kind are not limited to Japan. In Australia there had been an attempt to address this problem by the creation of De Facto Relationships Act N.S.W..In Australia they have enacted the bases of divorce, which is the creation of Non-Fault Divorce Law. There is only one basis of divorce, called irrecoverable marriage breakdown, proved by 12 months separation. In this paper I will examine the Australian approach, some of which is applicable to Japanese situation and would help to redress existing inequities.

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The 103rd general meeting and symposium of The Japanese Association of Law and Political Science were held at Keiai University on November 26^<th> and 27^<th> of the year 2005. The uniform theme was "Family's transfiguration and violence". Five panelists presented their study at this session. First, Mr. Tomiyuki Ogawa of Aichi Gakuin University presented on the theme of "Family's transfiguration and violence". Second, Mr. Yoshinibu Araki of Musasino University presented on the theme of "Child Abuse and Neglect in Urban Areas". Third, Mr.Saegusa Tamotsu of Chukyo University presented on the theme of "Child Abuse and Punishment by Criminal Law-Focusing on the amended Child Abuse". Fourth, Ms. Machi Kamio of Shobi University presented on the theme of "The Legal System against Spousal Violence-Japan and France-". The last panelist Ms. Etsuko Furuhashi of Hanazono University presented on the theme of "Situation of Older People Abuse and Problem in Legal Action". After these important reports, each reporter responded to some questions and opinions from several members of the floor. This symposium ended successfully at 17:30. We are thankful to Prof.Yoshihiro Yamauchi, all other people at Keiai University and Heisei International University who helped this symposium.

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The 94th general meeting and symposium of our Law and Politics Society were held at Osaka Wemen's College(Higashi Osaka Campus)on November 23rd and 24th of the year 2001. The main theme was "Problems in the new century-the law and politics in the 21st century." Five panelists presented their research in this session. First Mr.Hideaki Maeda of Komazawa University presented on the theme of "Reinforcement of Political Leadership by the Introduction of the State Secretary." Second, Mis.Naomi Doi of Heisei International University presented on the theme of "Administrative in the Central Government." Third, Mr.Haruhiro Minagawa of Matusaka Univesity presented on the theme "Toward the development of the system for protections and remedies of human rights" Fourth, Mr.Tomiyuki Ogawa of Hiroshima University of Economics presented on the theme "The Structure of Families in the Future." The last panelist Mr.Tamotsu Saegusa presented on the theme "Criminal Laws and Social Ethics-Emerging Problems in the Criminal Law Policy." There were some questions and answers after these important presentations. This symposium ended successfully at 17:05. We are thankful for all of the people at Osaka Wemen's College who helped organize this meeting.

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From 10:00 am on January 21, 1992(Sat.)at Kansai Gaidai University, the seven members reported their research findings on the given topic, "Men and Women-Legal and Political Problems on Principle of Equality."This was followed by a question and answer session. Mr.Mamoru Kaida, a member, and I were selected as coordinators of the Symposium. Being novice coordinators, I hesitate to say that we glided through the Symposium. Nevertheless, thanks to the cooperative, understanding and tolerant members, the Symposium closed successfully. The morning session commenced with Mr.Michihiko Yamaguchi reporting on sexual discrimination from the stance of history of legal doctrine. This was followed by Mr.Shoetsu Matsumoto's talk on theories on equal employment opportunity law for men and women. The third report was given by Mr.Kotaku Ishido on changes in the legal position of women. The morning session closed with Ms.Naomi Doi on women in politics as an occupation. In the afternoon session, Ms Setsuko Nagawa led way to the podium with her report on equality in marriage. This was followed by Mr.Shigeki Kanatani's report on the positions of men and women in the eyes of administrative law. The session concluded with Mr.Naoto Shiga's talk on emploment by course and equal employment opportunity law for men and women. All reports went beyond merely drawing attention to sexual discrimination in law and politics. I was impressed that the members focused on the kinds of action we need to attain genuine equality. I found myself nodding in agreement with the comment made on the so-called protection that exists in the US where affirmative action is only in the form of law enactment. Law enactment is inclined to be a tentative and transitional measure. As a long-term policy, it creates problems.

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In Japan to establish Familty Law legal rights, a marriage must be registered. The regislation is a separate formality from the marriage ceremony. The marriage ceremony alone does not constitute marriage in Japan. Property distribution problems and inequities upon breakdown of the relationships arise from the failure, or, the inability to register the marriage. In the past a couple could not register the marriage unless certain legal requirements were met, for example, one requirement being parental consent. These relationships were called "Naien". The couple's relationship lacked registered was not married, so they could not be treated as the married couple, but the couple had the intention to register and had been living together as a married couple, so the "Junkon principle" was developed to bring these couples, who could not register the marriage, under the jurisdiction of Family Law. The "Junkon principle" allowed the lack of registration to be overcome provided the couple met certain requirements. However, De Facto couples are increasing in Japan. In Japan these couples are ones that have no clear intention to register as a married couple, this could be evidenced by their choosing not to register when there was no obstacles preventing them from doing so. Also these couples may not be living together as a married couple in the traditional sense. Despite the increase in the number of these relationships the people who are in, or used to be in, these relationships are offered no legal protection. This situation would usually work to the woman's disadvantage as most property would be held in the man's name. Therefore there is a need to address this problem as the"Junkon principle"can't be extended to Non-"Naien" couples. Problems of this kind are not limited to Japan. In Australia there has been an attempt to address this problem by the creation of the De Facto Relationships Act N.S.W.. In this paper I will examine the Australian approach, some of which is applicable to the Japanese situation and would help to redress existing inequities.

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