Incednine is a 24 membered macrolactam glycoside isolated from Streptomyces sp. ML694-90F3 as an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL oncoproteins. In the present study, to understand the biosynthesis of the unique amino acid starter unit of macrolactam aglycon (incednam), a series of incorporation study and enzymatic analyses of the biosynthetic enzymes encoded in the corresponding gene cluster were conducted. Feeding experiments with [1-^<13>C_1] acetate, [1,2-^<13>C_2] acetate, [1-^<13>C_1] propionate, and [^<13>C_3]glycerol revealed that incednam is constructed with five malonyl-CoA, four methylmalonyl-CoA and one methoxymalonyl-CoA (ACP) as the extender units of polyketide synthases (PKSs). Interestingly, one intact acetate was also incorporated into the C1-C2 position of 3-aminobutyrate moiety, suggesting that the starter unit would be derived from L-glutamic acid rather than L-lysine and acetoacetyl-CoA. In fact, intact incorporation of L-[^<13>C_5,^<15>N_1]glutamic acid was observed. Further, to elucidate the missing biosynthetic link between L-glutamic acid and the starter unit, possible deuterium labeled amino acids were synthesized and fed to the producer strain. As a result, the free form of 3-[3-^2H]aminobutyric acid and β-[2,2,4,4-^2H_4]glutamic acid were efficiently incorporated to the starter unit, indicating that these amino acids are direct precursors of the starter unit of incednam. These results also implied that the unprecedented β-decarboxylation of β-glutamic acid to give 3-aminobutyric acid would be involved in the starter unit biosynthesis. As the next, to fish out the expected unique biosynthetic gene cluster of incednine, we used unique deoxysugar biosynthetic genes and methoxymalonyl-ACP biosynthetic gene as probes. Consequently, the incednine biosynthetic gene (idn) cluster, which is localized to a 138 kb contiguous DNA from Streptomyces sp. ML694-90F3, was identified. The idn gene cluster contains six modular type I PKS genes (idnPl-P6), deoxysugar biosynthetic genes (idnS1-S9), possible starter biosynthetic genes (idnLM1-LM7) and several modification enzymatic genes. To understand the unique starter unit biosynthesis, we attempted to characterize several recombinant enzymes, which were expressed in heterologous hosts. One of the most striking results was that IdnLM3 was found to catalyze β-decarboxylation of β-glutamic acid to give 3-aminobutyric acid. In the presentation, we will discuss the unique starter biosynthetic pathway based on the characterized enzymatic functions of the incednine biosynthetic enzymes.
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