In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of forestry related projects based on social forestry approach. Social forestry approach is suitable for projects in developing countries in the view point of effective afforested area management, local people empowerment, encouraging projects' ownership and so on.

This study discusses the current demand for evaluation of the forestry-related projects, mainly focused on post-project evaluation for the social forestry approach based projects. Those social forestry based projects have relatively short history, especially in the field of technical cooperation.

Therefore there have few examples of post-project evaluation and authorized evaluation method. This study proposes a theoretical and practical framework for post-project evaluation based on multi criteria appraisal. In particular, this study focuses on the foresrty extension project supported by Japan's technical assistance in Thailand.

Concluding remarks from the case are as follows. First, the framework with sustainability criteria and impact criteria is useful for post-project evaluation of social forestry based projects. Second, both school land and temple land planting are more suitable than general community land planting from the view point of effective afforested area management. Third, involving village head is useful to expand project results effectively at least in the northeastern part of Thailand. Forth, suitable extension method should be analyzed before project implementation. Fifth, agroforestry approach can be useful to extend project results widely and effectively.

Japan has increased foreign assistance for environmental preservation recently. One of the feature is the indirect approach to environmental preservation: she has allocated it mostly to environmental monitoring and end-of-pipe technologies. This is surprising because other donors have allocated it in the field of ‘environmental policy and administration,’ so that they can directly induce recipients to change policies and build administrative capacity for environmental preservation.

We take two typical environmental assistance projects to Thailand and examine their effectiveness according to the conditions conceptualized by Keohane and Levy (1996). The financial assistance to the fuel-gas desulfurization system has contributed the reduction of the emission of sulfur dioxide. It, however, failed to manage the emission completely, because it has not enhanced the environmental management capacity of the responsible authorities. The assistance to the waste water management project, by contrast, succeeded in raising concerns and in providing potential for capacity building of potential beneficiaries and responsible authorities. The success, however, does not necessarily owe to the Japanese environmental assistance: she did not initiate project-program integration. She just provided subsidized loans to the environmental fund.

To enhance the effectiveness, Japanese aid institutions should step into the preparation for environmental management strategies, in closer cooperation with recipient governments, residents and non-governmental organizations. This may bring change in the arrangements for existing foreign assistance, but this may be unavoidable as long as Japanese hope that recipients will not go through the serious pollution again.

目的：新卒看護師と先輩看護師の関わりに関連した研究の動向を文献検討により明らかにすることである。

方法：医学中央雑誌（2001～2016年）を用いて，「新卒看護師and関わり」，「新人看護師and関わり」の用語で検索した。新卒看護師を対象とし，新卒看護師と先輩看護師の関わりが記載されている18件の文献を分析対象とした。文献は，著者・対象・目的・方法・結果ごとに整理した。13件の質的研究においては新卒看護師と先輩看護師の関わりの内容から，新卒看護師に効果的・非効果的な関わりを読み取り，効果的な接し方と効果的な指導方法及び非効果的な接し方と非効果的な指導方法に分類した。また5件の量的研究においては新卒看護師と先輩看護師の関わりと，効果的・非効果的な関連要因に分類した。

結果・考察：新卒看護師と先輩看護師の関わりに関する研究は，2005年以降より増加傾向であった。質的研究では，効果的な接し方と効果的な指導方法及び非効果的な接し方と非効果的な指導方法で分類された新卒看護師と先輩看護師の具体的な関わりが明らかとなった。また量的研究では，新卒看護師と先輩看護師の関わりの関連要因として，仕事への意欲，ストレス，精神健康度など新卒看護師の精神面と関連するものがみられたが文献数は少なかった。今後これらの文献から得られた，効果的な接し方，効果的な指導方法，非効果的な接し方，非効果的な指導方法が新卒看護師に及ぼす影響を実証研究により明らかにしていくことが望まれる。