This poster shows the experimental results of the small scale pilot plant of solid-liquid biomass reactor. Methane fermentation reactor is made of flexible gas-nonpermeable sheets. Straws of rice, straws of barly and weeds are used as raw materials. These roughly cut biomass materials are premixed with methane fermentation bacterias solution, fermentation support bacterias mixture and nutrient materials of bacterias. This premixed materials were filled up the fermentation reactor as the packed bed which was covered by flexible gas-nonpermeable sheets. The methane fermentation proceeded by recycling water to packed bed. The experiment was continued during summertime when mean room temperature was above 22℃ without temperature control. Methane gas was produced 2.6m^3 from 24kg raw materials. This means about 26% of raw materials were decomposed. The decomposition of raw materials can increase by temperature control 25〜35℃ and longer operating time. The economical large scale plant can be designed easily by use of flexible sheets. This method can provide the low cost production of methane gas and compost and also contribute the global CO2 gas reduction.

抄録全体を表示

The Constitution of Japan of 1946 has been called a peace constitution since the period of its drafting because its most important fundamental value is peace. However, peace provisions are not unique and are common place in modern constitutions; therefore, there are many peace constitutions in the world. Japanese constitutional scholars have not defined the concept of a peace constitution but have conducted typologies of peace provisions of various constitutions; however, these typologies lack a historical and structural framework of comparison. The purpose of this study is to search for such a framework and redefine peace constitutions.

As a preliminary inquiry to achieve that purpose, this study will reconsider constitutional pacifism based on the redefinition of peace―negative and positive―in peace research, and will revisit the peace provisions of the American and Japanese Constitutions. Article 13 of the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) is considered a prototype of a peace provision in the American Constitution. In the twentieth century, constitutional control of war powers has been a tremendous challenge for Americans. However, it should be emphasized that there have always been popular efforts to control the use of force in the form of constitutional lawsuits, although they have not been successful.

Of course, Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution has been an issue: how to reconcile the contradiction between constitutional norms and the reality of the Self-Defense Forces, which have the sixth largest military budget in the world. One possible explanation of Article 9 is that it is similar to a Kantian regulative idea: it will not be achieved, but, as such, it will keep regulating reality in one direction.

This study also links feminist peace thoughts and constitutional peace provisions and considers the relationship between constitution making and peace in the process of post-conflict peacebuilding in the Global South. This study concludes by suggesting the necessity to consider global constitutionalism, or “global peace constitution,” when we observe the emergence of multilevel―local, national, regional, and global―political communities.

抄録全体を表示

This paper analyzes the principles of law regarding nuclear policies of Japan as they relate to constitutional theory, the Japanese government, and judicial precedent.

The analysis addresses three issues that have recently arisen in relation to the Constitution of Japan. The first concerns a principle of law found in the discussion between Shinkun HAKU, a member of the House of Councilors, and Yusuke YOKOBATAKE, Director-General of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau, which took place at the Budget Committee of the House of Councilors on March 18, 2016. The point of their discussion was whether it was constitutional for Japan to use nuclear weapons abroad when Japan was not under direct military attack.

The second issue concerns nuclear plants under Clause 2, Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan, which prohibits the maintenance of land, sea, and air forces, as well as other potential instruments of war. However, it may be violated if nuclear power plants are regarded as war potential. This reasoning derives from the fact that nuclear power plants can have capacity to produce, maintain, and use nuclear weapons.

The third issue concerns constitutional rights and nuclear power plants. Some experts posit that nuclear power plants violate various constitutional rights, such as the right to life, the right of personhood, the environmental right, the rights of future generations, the right to live in peace, the right of equality, and the right to self-government of local residents. In this regard, the analysis also considers some recent judicial precedents on constitutional rights and nuclear power plants, such as one from the Fukui District Court on May 21, 2014.

抄録全体を表示

本稿は反軍国主義の影響の強い社会及び国民においてどのような状況下で基本権制限の可能性を受け入れるかを検討したものである。戦後日本で有事を想定した政策や法律への議論は避けられてきた。悲惨な戦時の動員や人権侵害を連想させる点から，1960～70年代には構想だけでも野党や国民からの抵抗に直面する。このような状況からいわゆる「有事タブー」も生まれる。

ところが，2003年には前年までにも困難だった有事法制が超党派議員らの賛成多数で成立する。本稿ではこのような変化を説明するため，二つの要因を提示する。北朝鮮拉致問題の発覚及びメディア環境である。こられの要因が日本社会の脅威認識を急激に増大させ，有事法制の成立を促す。2002年9月の日朝首脳会談で拉致問題が初めて明らかになり，多くの日本メディア，とりわけテレビ局は拉致問題や被害者を取り上げる報道や番組を次々と編成する。その手法は概ね感情に訴えるものであった。

日本政府や政治家は有事法制を脅威への対抗手段，即ち国民を保護する措置として示す。世論からも大きな反発はなくなっていた。これが有事法制成立の政治過程であった。ただし，隣国の韓国では北朝鮮に対する脅威認識が高くなく，危機が地域的に共有されていたわけではなかった。また，2003年の総選挙で民主党が躍進したことからは反軍国主義規範が必ずしも崩壊していない状況も確認できる。

抄録全体を表示

A pair of pendel irradiation technique is the method of combining two pendel irradiation with rectangular field on the different rotation axis, and is aimed to produce a high dose region like a tumor area. Meanwhile, conformation technique is able to give a maximum dose to the deformed tumor selectively with the minimum dose to the surrounding normal tissues. It above two technique were combined, the drawbacks of each method would be compensated each other, and more reasonable dose distribution required in clinical case would be obtained. In this paper, experimented results and the technique of pendel irradiation combined with conformation mechanism in order to produce a concaved high dose region required for the whole pelvis irradiation of carc. of the cervix uteri were discribed. Dose distribution were obtained phantom experiment and the contour of high dose region were agree well with expected target area. Dose variation along the rotation axis was less than 5 percent. Dose homogeneities on the vertical and sagital plane were acceptable level for the clinical porpose. The differences of Tissue Peak Ratio between Calculated value and experimented value were 2 percent at the most. No particular differences were recognized on the method of dose estimation, tumor localization compared with the other technique. This technique is commonly applied for the treatment of carc. of the cervix uteri in our department for a year.

抄録全体を表示

テレコバルト回転照射による術前照射例164例及び非照射例178例の術後摘出標本について. 子宮頸部, 子宮旁結合織, 腟壁を含めた大標本を作製し, また残部の腟壁については子宮頸部を含めた短冊型の切片を作製して, 腟壁への癌浸潤を組織学的に検索した. 先ず非照射例については臨床期との関係, 原発巣の癌浸潤の深度との関係, また腟壁への癌浸潤の下降度及び浸潤の深度について検討すると共に両者との関係を検討した. 次いで術前照射例については臨床期との関係, また腟壁の癌浸潤巣の線量別による照射効果との関係, 腟壁の癌細胞の変性度と間質(間質結合織, 血管分布)との関係を検討し若干の知見を得たので報告する.

抄録全体を表示

In Japan, there are many arguments about the local suffrage of alien inhabitant. The fundamental human rights are guaranteed to all of the people by the Japanese Constitution. But this "all of the people" include alien, especially a foreigner or Korean living in Japan, or not, that is an important question. Early in this year, the most Japanese famous scholar with regard to this matters and former Justice of the Supreme Court shifted own doctrine from tolerance to prohibition. This difficult problem is not settled yet. In this article, I attempt to dissect several doctrines, to compare with the constitutions of the countries of the world, and to treat the local suffrage of alien inhabitant.

抄録全体を表示

A long-term continuous flow experiment was conducted to investigate the process performance of a thermophilic multi-staged UASB (MS-UASB) reactor for treatment of liquid fraction of an alcohol (Shouchu) distillery wastewater. A demonstration scale MS-UASB reactor having a working volume of 2.5m³ was operated at 55°C for a period of over 400 days.
Even though Shouchu distillery wastewater is a typical seasonal campaign wastewater, the process shows superior capability in re-starting up. The reactor steadily allowed a significant high COD loading rate of 60kg COD·Em^-3·Ed^-1, which is equivalent to the influent strength of 10, 000-20, 000mg COD·EL^-1 at an HRT of only 4-8h, keeping COD removal of above 80%. Methane gas concentration in the biogas was about 70-80% over the experimental period. A linear relationship (R²=0.99, 0.97) was found between removed COD and methane production (as a COD conversion value) in Phase 1 and Phase 2. The methane conversion ratio during continuous run with barley-made (Phase1) and sweet potatomade (Phase2) Shouchu wastewater were 95% and 91%, respectively.

抄録全体を表示

The lymphographic study was made on 70 cases of genital cancer. The results of pathologic studies on 33 patients who had lymphadenectomy and post mortem studies were exactly correlated with the lymphographic findings. Metastatic changes of lymph nodes were verified by histologic examination in 8 cases, the lymphograms of which were estimated as positive for metastatic involvement. The histology of the rest of them (25 cases) had no metastatic changes but these lymphograms revealed various findings suspectable of pathological changes. n the other 37 cases which were clinically but not histologically proved of metastatic changes of lymph nodes, variable similar findings were also obseved on lymphograms.
In the cases with metastatic involvement of lymph nodes, the characteristic malignant patterns such as filling defects, irregular contour and inhomogenous artitecture were noted, moreover, an increase in number and size were observed. These findings are frequently found in inflammatory process.
In the lymphatic system with extensive involvement, however, passage disturbance is often found with changes of lymph vessels such as dilataton, tortuosity. back flow, collateral, detour, oozing and an increase or decrease in number.
False positive findings of lymph nodes, resulted from inflammation, fibrous fatty deposit or ococcasional super imposition of lymph nodes are frequently encountered.
Because the postoperative lymphogram reveals so variable that it is difficult to diagnose whether these patterns depend on lymphadectomy or reccurrence and also hard to investigate the etiology of secondary edema, the differentiation of these patterns have to be made by both lymphography and venography.
Lymphography was usually performed prior to radical operation as a guide for nodal dissection, to search the gross metastatic extent of genital cancer and at the same time the application of PTCHLO (pure natural chlorophyll oil) with oily contrast medium (Ethiodol or Poiodol) made it easier for gynecologist to identify lymph nodes at the operating table.
Controverting the some authors, the obturator in most cases, the hypogastric in more than a half, and sometimes the cardinal ligament and the sacral lymph nodes were greenly stained.
In setting up the portals for radiation therapy, lymphography was beneficial to place various portals and recently we adopted a diamond-shaped field (12×12cm-14×14cm).
Postlymphographic complications were observed in high incidence, these were pulmonary embolism, fever chillness, inappetence, fatigue, cough and sputum. Although microscopic metastatic lesions were usually not detectable by this technique, the lymphography is to be said a nssesary procedure to examine malignant tumors, especially lymphatic tumors showing certain specific features.

抄録全体を表示

The words like safety or risk have become the important concepts in the constitutional discourse today. So constitutional lawyers should take the idea of risk society seriously enough. Cass R. Sunstein is the one who took that stance, and criticized the precautionary principle from the perspective of good working deliberative democracy. But his proposition to take the precautionary principle as general principle for risk is very problematic, so we should find the way to stop the over-generalization of that principle. Ulrich Beck developed his idea of risk society into the more general idea of reflexive modernity and he estimated this as the chance for deliberative democracy. But when we read the propositions of the democratic constitutionalists in United States after September 11. we could take risk society as the critical moment for the legal constitutionalism. After all. we. constitutional lawyers, have many problems to be discussed in risk society, so we need the new theory to cope with that situation. But we also should cling to the existing theory and practice, if we want to deal properly with the challenge of risk society.

抄録全体を表示

Durch die Veranderung der internationaler Situation verwandelte sich der Sinn, die Funktion, die Rolle der Staatsangehorigkeit. Nach dem traditionell Verstandnis, die Verleihung der Staatsangehorigkeit ist dem Staat (der Gestaltungsfreiheit des Gesetzgebers) zu uberlassen. Aber, angesichts der Wichtigkeit (der Erforder-lichkeit der Verteidigung) der Staatsangehorigkeit fur Einzelnen, eine Uberlegung kommt in frage. Gleichartig, es ist moglich, das Recht der Auslandern zu erweitern.

抄録全体を表示