This paper aims to analyze how the Zhushuishan Park was formed and transitioned and how the mixed culture of three countries was shown in this park. And what should be emphasized is that it is not only the facilities built on the hill that symbolized the colonial culture, but also the space composition and flora landscape. Generally speaking, the Zhushuishan Park was maintained to be the urban green space through the whole modern period. It was firstly developed as the suburban forest in the German period. A large area of Locust from Berlin and Japanese Black Pine were planted on the hill. However, after that, the Qingdao Shrine was constructed here as the national symbol as soon as Qingdao was occupied by Japan. The Cherry Blossom planted inside the shrine strengthened the Japanese culture. The shrine was preserved by the Japanese government until the year 1945. Therefore, the Qingdao Shrine shaped the characteristic of the hill and left a great effect on its space composition. When the Chinese government received the sovereign of Qingdao and carried out the urban planning, the Hill Zhushuishan was kept to be the urban forest and placed into the urban park system. However, in order to emphasize Chinese culture the Cherry Blossom was replaced by Cedar.

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The campus of Ocean University of China is composed by Daxue road part and Yushan road part. These two parts shows quite different features no matter in the spatial composition or the garden. The campus located next to Daxue road used to be a barracks constructed by the German governors in 1902, while the other part located next to Yushan road used to be a middle school constructed by the Japanese governors in 1919. There was no main building or main axis, in the Daxue road part because of the existing barracks buildings. Sport space was arranged in front of the third schoolhouse near the entrance, which is quite different from the middle school and the general spatial pattern. While the middle school not only had a main building but also a visual axis. As for the gardens, the Daxuelu campus garden was surrounded by western style buildings and totally designed into geometrical style, even platanuses planted on this campus were imported from Germany. By contrary, the garden on the Yushan road campus was firstly built in western style and then changed into Japanese style. Black pine was planted in the center of the garden, symbolizing Japanese garden culture. The reason was possibly because park was considered as a symbol of advanced western civilization in China, while it seems that the Japanese governors intended to emphasize their own culture in its colony.

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This paper aims to analyze how Japanese Black Pine and Cherry Blossom were imported and planted in Qingdao. It turns out that they were firstly imported to Qingdao by the German governors from Japan, and planted on the hills, along the coasts and in the parks. As Qingdao was occupied by Japan in 1914, the Black Pine and Cherry Blossom were planted more widely on the hills, parks and even courtyards. What should be emphasized is that they were not merely planted as ornamental trees, but also used to symbolize Japanese culture. The Cherry Blossoms planted along the entrance path of the Qingdao Shrine and the monument built for the dead soldiers were considered as the reproduction of Japan’s traditional landscape in Qingdao. That is why when Japan was beaten in the Second World War, the Cherry Blossoms planted in Qingdao were widely cut down and replaced by Cedar. While compared to Cherry Blossom, most Black Pines were free of cut down disaster and is widely used in Qingdao nowadays.

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The main focus of this article is the perception within Japanese public opinion about how the East Asian international order should be structured and function following the end of the First World War. In concrete terms, the author discusses how the logic of "refusing to allow meddling in the affairs of East Asia" was formed through process of the founding of the League of Nations and the proceedings of the Washington Conference of 1921-22, and in what way this logic was legitimized, the answers to which will hopefully better clarify Japan's perceptions of East Asia at the time. Regarding the League of Nations, during its formation period, there were expectations in Japan that the new world organization would institute an "open door" policy for solving the problems at hand. Utilizing the League to force the United States, Great Britain and France to open their doors was no doubt an attempt by Japan to further its national interests, but at the same time was legitimized on the basis of such a policy being implemented in the spirit of internationalism. However, in reality, as a result of the Washington Conference, an open door policy was demanded of Japan, which led to a greater presence of the West, especially the United States, in the international affairs of East Asia. This the reason why the Conference was so strongly criticized in Japanese public opinion. This criticism was based on international law, the Monroe Doctrine and the "open door" policy itself. In any case, such criticism created the logic for Japan's claims to the right to refuse meddling by the West in the international affairs of East Asia. That is to say, Japan legitimized attempts to protect its national interests in the form of a "refusal to allow meddling" according the above three "universal principles." In response to the heavy pressure that was applied to abide by the "Washington Treaty system, " Japan stubbornly rebutted with its own logic of the right to "refute meddling, " which helped set the tone for subsequent political views about East Asian affairs in Japan.

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The Shantung Intetests which Japan succeeded from Germany by occupying Tsingtao in the first World War were mostly restored to China in the Washington Conference, while part of them, for example railway has been maintained afterward. But the researches up to this time have not been thrown light on the transition of the Shantung Interests after the Washington Conference. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the realities of the Shantung Interests in the 1930s by attaching importance to the Chinese policy and taking a case of Kiaochow-Tsinan railway which is the core of the Shantung Interests. The concrete object of this paper is firstly to make clear of the reason and the measure which Japan had tried to maintain and expand the Shantung Interests, secondly to examine the Chinese counterplot toward the Japanese policy, thirdly to analyze the effect of the Chinese policy upon the Japanese Interests. In this paper, classifying the Japanese Interests of Kiaochow-Tsinan railway into five side-redemption of treasury bond, construction of the extension, supply of railway materials, freight rates problem, and competence of two Japanese heads, I examined the transition of each one. The following is the outline of this analysis. Firstly, Japan has tried to maintain the Interests by preventing China from redeeming the bond, and to expand by constructing the extension of the railway. China, on the contrary, has been trying to redeem the bond, and independently advancing in construction of the extension. In the administration of the railway, Japanese supply of railway materials have been scare, because of Chinese tendency to rejection. Moreover, Japanese Capital has been forced the unfavorable competition owing to the discriminating treatment in freight rates. And mutilation of Japanese head's competence caused these tendencies. After all, until the 1930s, Japan had made much of the Interests as a base of economic advance into North China, and had tried to maintain and expand the Interests by forcing Shantung Province to be her sphere of influence. But China, by strengthening her government power to Shantung, had proceeded to weaken the Japanese Interests. As a result, not only Japanese Interests of Kiaochow-Tsinan railway but also the other economic foundation in Shantung has been declined.

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