宇宙空間電磁場は,宇宙線組成の主要部分を占める荷電粒子の進路を偏向させるので,よほど高いエネルギーの宇宙線でない限り,検出器で測定される入射方向は宇宙線源の方向から大きくずれることになる.さらに,宇宙空間電磁場が持っている様々な空間スケールの揺らぎが宇宙線を散乱(ピッチ角散乱)させるため,宇宙線強度の異方性は宇宙線源からの距離に反比例して減少していき,はるか遠方の宇宙線源の方向を指し示す異方性が地球で観測できるとは到底期待できない.一方で,観測される宇宙線強度には現実に異方性が存在する.その振幅(入射方向に応じた強度の違い)は一般に～0.001(～0.1%)程度とわずかではあるが,長期間安定に宇宙の一定方向からの宇宙線の「流れ」が存在することを示唆している.この異方性の起源は何であろうか?最近,チベット高原で世界最高の計数率を誇る空気シャワー観測装置が観測を開始した.この装置による精度の高い観測結果は,宇宙線異方性に関する新しい知見を提供するものとして期待されている.

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The system for learning the position of celestial bodies in science education changes from the horizontal coordinate system to the equatorial coordinate system as students progress from elementary school to high school. Therefore, science teachers must have a good understanding of these two astronomical coordinate systems and their relationship. However, in the astronomical experiments of the current teacher training course, there is no practical training to systematically and quantitatively deepen understanding of these. Therefore, we have developed a practical training method for observing astronomical objects using the horizontal coordinate system and converting the obtained horizontal coordinate values into equatorial coordinate values. Practicing this training method for students training to become teachers confirmed its effectiveness and clarified some points to consider during its implementation.

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Until now, the sundial has hardly been made especially in pursuit of accuracy and function. The typical sundial indicating the time at the angle of the shadow of edge lines has no structure to correct the atmospheric refraction. On the other hand, the sundial using a two-dimensional dial for reading at the center position of the shadow of a sphere provides a precise design so that not only the time difference by equation of time and longitude but also atmospheric refraction can be corrected. This"astronomical precise sundial"uses a two-dimensional dial, and it is a precise and highly functional sundial designed and manufactured in pursuit of the possiblity of the sundial from the viewpoint of astronomers. As the functions of this sundial, the local sidereal time can be directly read for the first time in the world, and the various information such as the sunrise and sunset times and the azimuth and altitude of the sun can be obtained.

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