Deodorization properties for ammonia (Am), acetic acid (Ac), and ethanethiol (Et) were studied by Tedlar bag and detection tube method for totally eighteen samples: six protein fibers of different origins, namely feather including down of water fowls, two scoured silks of different origins, natural wool, two kinds of descaled and crosslinked wools. In addition, samples were prepared by treating these fibers with Cu(II) (NO₃)₂ or duplicate mordanted with the copper salt and C. I. Mordant 3. Deodorizations with two kinds of activated carbons were measured as the reference.

  By the measurements of their deodorization curves with 0.1 g of each sample, apparent initial rate constant of deodorization, k, and deodorization capacity, C, were estimated. It was found that k values of these samples were eventually larger than those of the references by 2 or 3 times, but C ranged 10 to 80％ of them. Ac was deodorized only by the feathers. For the deodorizations of Am and Et, the feathers were found to be most effective. In favorable cases, the two Cu(II) (NO₃)₂ treatments increased k and C values by several times.

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本稿は,1990年代の紙・パルプ産業における生産と資本系列の動態を分析し,環境問題対応や海外進出に関しても検討したものである。1990年代の紙・パルプ産業では,王子製紙や日本製紙といった大資本による各資本の系列化が事実上完了する一方で,バブル崩壊以降のデフレ調整下にあって製品価格が下落を続け,各社の収益は圧迫された。こうした状況に対して各社は,不採算部門の廃棄や,新鋭設備による増産を通じた単位コスト低減といった生産体制の再構築によって対応した。また,各社は海外植林や古紙利用といった環境問題への対応を前面に押し出している。海外植林は1990年代後半にさらに進展したが,他方,海外市場獲得を目指した直接投資は包装材料や特殊紙などの分野に限られている。

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An attempt was made for the preparation of compounded papers using wasted tea leaves that could withstand repeated washing. Emulsion Polyamide-Epichlorohydrin copolymer was added as a binder to slurry containing crushed wasted tea leaves and hemp for paper making. When the resulting paper was measured for tensile strength under a wet condition, it was found markedly improved over a control paper without the emulsion. For instance, tensile strength was 2.1 Nm/g for a compounded paper containing 90 wt% hemp and 10 wt% wasted tea leaves but no binder, whereas the addition of the binder at 0.75 wt% improved tensile strength to 16.8 Nm/g. Compounded papers using wasted tea leaves were also very effective for deodorizing ammonia gas ; a paper containing a small amount, 10 wt%, of wasted tea leaves decreased the ratio of residual odor to 0.6 % in three hours. The addition of the binder was also found to keep the deodorization effect of the paper. Furthermore, a compounded paper using wasted tea leaves was repeatedly subjected to washing. The addition of the binder strikingly improved the washing durability of the paper that was subjected to washing repeatedly ; at an addition level of 0.75 wt%, the paper did not show any damage even after it was washed repeatedly 20 times. Further, the deodorization effect after washing was maintained. In fact, the ratio of residual order was very small at 2.1% or less in an hour even after the 20 times washing.

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Wasted Green tea leaves were ground by different methods and papers containing the ground wasted Green tea leaves were prepared. The ground wasted Green tea leaves and the papers containing the ground wasted Green tea leaves were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy for morphological observation. The observation revealed that a mass-colloider ground wasted Green tea leaves to very thin films. As the clearance of the mass-colloider was widened from 40 μm to 150 μm, the ground wasted Green tea leaves somewhat increased in thickness and turned into partially folded structures. In addition, after ground, the wasted Green tea leaves showed spiral vessels and vascular bundles extended into coil shapes by shear at the grinding. In contrast, wasted Green tea leaves ground with a ball mill were lumps ranging a few to 400 μm in size. The ground wasted Green tea leaves were used to prepare papers containing wasted Green tea leaves, which were observed. The observation revealed that papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground with the mass-colloider had a layered structure in which the thin films of wasted Green tea leaves were layered in tight adhesion with networks of pulp fibers. In contrast, papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground with the ball mill had a coarse structure in which lumps of the wasted Green tea leaves were buried in the network of pulp fibers. In addition, the papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground by the two different methods were examined for tensile strength and bursting strength. The examination revealed little differences resulting from the different grinding methods, the mass-colloider and the ball mill, or from difference in the clearance of the mass-colloider. The result showed that the mechanical properties were mainly controlled by the pulp fibers in the papers containing wasted Green tea leaves and the wasted Green tea leaves made little contribution to the mechanical properties. On the other hand, papers containing wasted Green tea leaves were lower in stiffness than 100wt% pulp papers; especially papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground with the ball mill were very soft. Furthermore, an examination of papers containing wasted Green tea leaves for permeability revealed that papers containing wasted Green tea leaves ground with the ball mill had much higher permeability than 100wt% pulp papers.

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Various fiber materials were mixed with wasted tea leaves to attempt the preparation of new "KAMIKO" materials. When konjac pastes was applied to the surface of compounded papers using hemp and wasted tea leaves, the paper properties increased in tensile index, bursting index, and stiffness. On the other hand, konjac pastes application was found to increase the air permeance of the papers. Konjac pastes application was also found to extend time required for the papers to absorb water droplets, showing a decrease in water absorbency. Furthermore, when the papers were sewed on a machine, konjac pastes application was found to improve seam strength of the papers by about 20 N. Moreover, the papers with konjac pastes applied were tested for deodorization effect using ammonia gas. The result showed that the papers containing even a small amount, 10wt%, of wasted tea leaves exhibited an excellent deodorization effect and that konjac pastes application affected the effect very little. The results presented above showed that the use of hemp greatly improved mechanical properties of compounded papers using wasted tea leaves, whereas konjac pastes application also effectively improved the papers in seam strength.

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植物由来のナノ素材であるナノセルロースは，ナノ繊維の特徴にセルロースの特性が反映された優れた材料特性を示すため，環境負荷の小さい機能性素材として注目されている。しかしながら，ナノセルロースの実用化を推し進めていく上では，ナノセルロースならではの特徴を活かした用途を見出すことが欠かせない。本稿では，ナノセルロースに含まれるセルロース以外の成分に着目し，木質を構成するヘミセルロースやリグニンの局在と，これら成分がもたらす効果について紹介すると共に，木質とは異なる多様な成分で構成される農業副産物から調製したナノセルロースの特徴と，農業副産物由来であることを活かしたナノセルロースの食品用途への可能性について紹介する。

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Various studies were conducted to improve antibacterial properties of compounded papers using wasted green tealeaves prepared by a paper-making technique. The research included the elucidation of a cause of low antibacterial activity. Different binders and different degrees of grinding wasted tealeaves were tested with no effect on antibacterial properties of compounded papers using wasted green tealeaves. However, when a suspension of pulp and wasted tealeaves was air-dried and used to prepare a compounded paper, the compounded paper was found to have excellent antibacterial properties. The result indicated a cause for the low antibacterial activity of compounded papers using wasted green tealeaves prepared by the paper-making technique. That is, catechins abundant in wasted green tealeaves dissolved in water when ground and ran off with waste water during the paper-making process without settling in compounded papers. To confirm that, liquid from a mass-colloider used for wet-grinding wasted tealeaves was sampled and filtered. The filtrate was dropped onto a 100 wt% pulp paper. No viable bacterial cell was found in the pulp paper to which more than 1.0 ml/g of the filtrate was applied ; the result showed that the liquid possessed good antibacterial properties. In other words, the liquid was confirmed to possess a high antibacterial activity. In paper making by the paper-making technique, aluminum sulfate was added to a suspension of pulp and ground, wasted tealeaves in order to readily settle catechins contained in liquid resulting from grinding wasted tealeaves in compounded papers using wasted tealeaves. The result revealed that a 2.70 wt% addition of aluminum sulfate to compounded papers using wasted green tealeaves improved antibacterial properties of the papers.

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