Daidenbo-in (_??__??__??__??_) of Koyasan became a temple independent of Kongobu-ji (_??__??__??__??_) as Kongobu-ji developed. After its independence, it remained in a relationship known as kyoza (_??__??_) with Kongobu-ji. The nature of that relationship is not clearly known.
Kakuban (_??__??_, 1095-1043), the abbot of Daidenbo-in, determined that in the clerical rankings of monks with appointments to both temples, the monks of Daidenbo-in would be in a superior position. This invited the antagonism of Kongobu-ji monks, and disputes continued at both temples until the move to Negoro (_??__??_).
The nature of the disputes between the two temples has been often understood as constituting actual armed combat. However, by examining the personnel composition of both temples, it is possible to locate many instances of monks serving in official capacities in both temples. Because of these dual appointments to both temples (_??__??__??__??_), out-right fighting between the two seems unlikely.
Future studies must approach the bilateral relations of the temples in light of these dual appointments and kyoza. The purpose of the present paper is to attempt an analysis of the dual appointments to both temples as a preliminary stage to that study.

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　我が国においては,遭遇することがまれである銃創症例を経験したので報告した。症例は31歳の男性。顔面を拳銃で撃たれ,約25分後当院救急部へ搬入された。左耳下部皮膚に射入口を認め,顔面単純X線及び頸部CTで,左下顎骨骨折と,右顎下部皮下に銃弾が停留している所見が認められた。顔面から頸部にかけての盲管銃創と診断し,同日緊急手術を施行した。銃弾を摘出し,血腫の除去,挫滅汚染組織のdebridementを行った。この症例では,下顎骨を貫通した時点で銃弾のエネルギーの大半が消費されたために,頸部の血管系に大きな損傷を与えることなく対側の皮下へ到達したものと考えられた。

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Scholars have scarcely dealt in suitable detail with the political structure and function of the Muromach Shogunate after the Onin-Bunmei War (1467-77). This essay clarifies the actual circumstances behind the 9th Shogun Yoshihisa's 義尚 decision making by means of gozen sata 御前沙汰 (direct judgement) and discusses its significance in connection with Bakufu politics. Until his expedition to Omi province in 1487 in order to surpress Rokkaku Takayori 六角高頼, a shugo who had ignored shogunal ordinances, Yoshihisa as shogun had had no political power. The ex-Shogun Yoshimasa 義政, his father, conducted Bakufu administration directly through his bugyoshu 奉行衆 (magistrates). Yoshihisa, however, stayed in Omi with his hokoshu 奉公衆 (immediate retainers) as well as the said bugyoshu for one year and half until his death due to illness. Yoshihisa's administrative and judicial decisions while in the battlefield were made by means of relying on consultation from his hyojoshu 評定衆 (councillors) selected from among his reliable entourage, instead of adopting his father's practice of presiding over the "magistrates". The newly established hyojoshu was different from the group of the same name once composed of hereditary bureaucrats (whose ancestors served the Kamakura Shogunate), and was composed of persons of different social background, free of tradition, and competent to become his advisors or even his surrogates. This fact suggests that Yoshihisa secured his power by relying on his own entourage and new councillors, thus reducing the influence of the "magistrates" then still entrusted by his father to the submission of advisory reports (iken 意見). Previous scholars have maintained that Yoshihisa's regime in Omi was initiated by the "immediate retainers". Indeed, the main body of the military force consisted of these retainers, and their services were vindicated by Yoshihisa, but the nuclear group of "councillors" was not necessarily composed of representatives of these "retainers". The expedition, judging from an examination of Inryoken Nichiroku 蔭凉軒日録 and other contemporary source materials, was positively intended by Yoshihisa himself to effect a separation from his father yoshimasa and his liege vassals, including "immediate retainers" and "magistrates", and to form his own system of decision making. The author concludes that (1)previous studies emphasized the voice and influence of the "magistrates (bugyoshu)" which grew larger in shogunal decision making after the Onin-Bunmei War, but the shogun's entourage (sokkinshu 側近衆) also played an important role in this procedure ; (2)the "councillors (hyojoshu)" newly established during the reign of Yoshihisa can be taken as the precursor of the "inner consultants (naidanshu 内談衆)", who would appear later during the reign of the 12th Shogun Yoshiharu 義晴.

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(1) Trends in Compliance and Corporate Govemance Rep. Mr. Akira Tabata(Lawyer) The high incidence of scandals and corporate collapse in Japan has led to the implementation of a strategy of corporate compliance. Organizational and procedural issues for corporate lawyers, the handling of foreign capital, increasing awareness pertaining to stocks and the rationalization of business are examined under the ordinance of "Corporate Govemance" by a variety of executive bodies. Beginning with companies such as Sony, real inroads are being made. Actual problems confronted by in-house company lawyers are examined along with current developments in the OECD concerning Corporate Governance. (2) Deregulation and a new Government Image Rep. Prof. Hideki Noboru(Meijo Univ.) Beginning with Thatcher and Reagan and having an impact even on the Nakasone Cabinet, deregulation and privatization are today the global standard. The balance of the public and private sectors are examined along with points pertaining to an historical overview of the meaning of rationalizing government and the success of welfare. (3) Globalizafion and Policy Formation of Government and Administration Rep. Prof. Hideaki Kuwahara(Tokiwa Univ.)Globalization has meant that for cases such as the non-payment of fees by foreigners in emergency medical treatment, the historical administrative model of dealing with problems, is insufficient in the current circumstances. A "top-down" pyramid shaped system of administration, a lack of accountability and an administrative response that fails to recognize individuality and uniqueness are proving to be inadequate for the plethora of today's requests. Discussion centered around the creation of a more applicable administrative system which can deal with ruew problems with speed and efficiency. (4) Bankruptcy in Local Government and its Aftermath-the case of Irvine City, California Rep. Mr. Toraaki Nakamura(Keio Univ.) In 1994, failures in futures trading led to the loss of $1.5 billion by the Finance Department of Orange County, California. This sum bankrupted the local government and remains one of the largest losses of its kind on record. Attracting world attention and also reported by the Japanese media at the time, the case, to this day, fails to be adequately explained and resolved. The Irvine case proves ideal in expounding the shortcomings of the financial systems of local American government. (5) Globalization of the Organized Crime Rep. Prof. Yoshihiro Yamauchi(Keiai Univ.) In recent years, in concurrence with the rapid development of modern technologies, a new type of insidious and yet bodacious crime has also become prevalent. Crime ranging from credit card fraud and computer related crime to the buying and selling of drugs and firearms, has been taldng on an increasingly international stature.A number of points were discussed from a criminal law perspective and shown was Japan's recognization that combative measures are needed at an international level and that international cooperation is necessary. At any rate, there are many problems to investigatein the Bill of Countermeasure against Organized Crime. Following the various speeches detailed above, question time was actively pursued for a further one hour and a half. Despite a need for more time, and the zeal with which questions were asked, the chairman was able to sum up and provide an informative summary of day's proceedings.

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●工藤律子 著『マフィア国家―メキシコ麻薬戦争を生き抜く人々』　上谷　直克
●国本伊代 編著『カリブ海世界を知るための 70 章』 村井　友子
●田村梨花・三田千代子・拝野寿美子・渡会環 共編『ブラジルの人と社会』 近田　亮平
●深沢正雪 著『「勝ち組」異聞―ブラジル日系移民の戦後 70 年』　菊池　啓一
●後藤政子・山崎圭一 編著『ラテンアメリカはどこへ行く』 星野　妙子
●柳田利夫 著『ペルーの和食―やわらかな多文化主義』 清水　達也

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近年, モータリゼーションの進展などの諸要因によって交通事故の問題は深刻化している.本論文では, このような問題に対する交通事故への対策のひとつである交通取締りに着目して分析を行っている. 交通取締りによる事故減少効果はまだまだ不明瞭な点が多く, 特に狭域的な事故減少効果を定量的に評価した論文は見当たらない. そこで, SPSSTrendsによる交差相関という手法を用いて狭域的な事故減少効果を評価した. その結果, 信号無視の取締りの狭域的な事故減少効果は地点によって現れる地点と現れない地点が存在することがわかった. また, そのひとつの要因として混雑度が関係していることもわかった.

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