実験装置と研究者定員を持つ初の大学共同利用研究所である東京大学原子核研究所（核研）の設立当初、大学の自治を担保する

入試広報に力を入れても，ありきたりな入試方式では全国から優秀な学生を集めることは困難である。そこで，アドミッションポリシーを考慮しつつ，入試科目や配点を変更するよう提案した。その結果，予備校が公表する偏差値ランキングや，実際の得点率も上昇するなど，一部の学部・学科において，入学者の学力の向上が見られた。同時に，できるだけコストをかけずに，効果的に入試広報を行うよう取り組んだ。種々の取り組みを行った結果，受験生やその父母，高校教員への直接対話が最も効果的であると判断するに至った。そして地方試験会場として，経済学部

　2023年３月、在学している大学院の

　意思決定への教員の参加はいかなる功罪をもたらすのか．それは決定の領域によって，あるいは学長等によるリーダーシップの発揮ぶりという条件によって異なるのか．この課題を検討するため，部局長等を対象とした質問紙調査から得たデータを分析した．その結果，

　 Academic freedom in the university is protected and guaranteed through faculty self-governance. The Faculty Meeting retains decision-making power on all major issues that pertain to university affairs. This arrangement, thus far, has been socially acceptable. However, the appropriateness of this type of governance creates tensions in private university management. Administrators argue that it is not possible to manage a private university based on the Faculty Meeting as it does not take fiscal responsibility yet has decision-making authority. If experts do not manage finances, the university will cease to exist. Therefore, Boards of Trustees, which hold managerial authority, are limiting the self-governance of Faculty Meetings. Faculty Meetings should exercise the right to self-governance only when actions of the Board of Trustees threaten academic freedom.

　 The tension between the Faculty Meeting and the Board of Trustees is exemplified in the presidential selection process. Based on the right to selfgovernance, the Faculty Meeting selects the president through a democratic process. However, the most important characteristic of what is needed in a private university president today is management ability and the democratic process does not guarantee the selection of such a president. Thus, the leadership of the president is based on the structural situation. Here we might learn something from the American university presidential selection process.

　 The continuation of the ideals of the university is of central importance to the management of a private university. It is hoped that faculty members are supportive of those ideals. Furthermore, in private universities, educational activities are the basis for the existence of the university. The appointment of faculty who place educational activities ahead of all others is what permits the continued existence of private universities.

　 When the Japanese standardized test for university admission, called the Joint First-Stage Achievement Test, began twenty years ago, it was mainly intended for elite students because only applicants for national and local public universities were required to sit for the test and they were the cream of high school students. Today, this elite system has been replaced by a test that is intended for all college entrants, renamed the National Center Test , which includes the private sector. Ninety percent of all applicants for admission to fouryear institutions take this examination.

　 Nearly ninety percent of the entire cohort of 18-year-olds go through upper secondary education , so there is considerable difference in academic achievement among high school graduates. Recently, the Ministry of Education has been encouraging high schools to offer a variety of curricula and elective subjects for students to choose from. This more relaxed policy has been producing students who are more diverse in their cognitive levels. In 2002, when schools switch to a five-day week, students will accordingly have their curricula reduced by thirty percent under the newly revised Course of Study. Therefore, there is growing concern that their educational standard can hardly escape being affected.

　 Consequently, Japanese universities are faced with a serious problem, because they have some first-year students who lack the capability to understand what they should have learned at the secondary education level, or who have little aspiration to learning, as well as others who have not opted for basic subjects in preparation for their advanced or specialized studies. They have to assist these students with remedial education, whatever they specialize in. Owing to the decline of the college-age population, more universities have become unable to attract enough applicants to reject any, and have turned out to be nonselective.

　 In order to improve the situation, a common test is necessary, one intended both for applicants to elite universities and those to non-selective institutions of higher education. This would furnish universities with the details of variation in academic achievement among their examinees ; moreover, the information received through test results could also be used for introductory and specialized study programs and for making comparisons with the results after the students complete the four years of university study.

　 With the increase of“accountability”high schools should consider imposing examinations on students for awarding qualifications on the successful completion of secondary education. Planning and maintaining a qualification system in cooperation with the high schools would give prefectural boards of education a chance to reflect on their educational policies. The university entrance system needs renovation to promote the reform being carried out in both secondary and higher education.

2022年9月8日にグランキューブ大阪（大阪国際会議場）において北里大学の日高央