The author has been studying the Comprehensive National Land Development Plan since the 1950s with particular emphasis on the basic key concepts of the plan that are directly related to national land. On the basis of this study's results, the author advocates a change in the concept of national land such that it involves greater focus on the “inter-regional exchange” scenario rather than being confined to regional boundaries. This is because the 21st century will be the era of global exchange, and full exploitation of resources in the target region will require national land development in order to ensure free and smooth exchange of people, cargo, information, and so on. A new regional development model aiming for “re/vitalization by exchange-oriented development” has originated from this concept.

The government has been preparing a new national land development plan-the National Land Sustainability Plan-that, according to the plan's interim report, will have a positive impact on the diversity of the natural and cultural characteristics of regions. Such efforts will lead us to a new concept of national land that will be meaningful and relevant to the developmental planning of Japan's national land and ensure its sustainable growth in the 21st century.

This paper discussed the possibility of setting guidelines and assessment items for social activities by Buddhists. The activities are grouped into three categories. Although it was pointed out that there are some problems in these activities, to overcome these problems, it is demonstrated here that in the discourses of the Buddhist nikāya literature we can find content that can quite possibly be diverted to items of internal assessment.

This paper discusses the future of cities in the With/After Corona, focusing on the conflicting concepts of “dispersion” and “aggregation” of urban structures. As a result of the analysis, the demand for real estate is shifting from offices to housing, and it became clear that it is important to improve the quality of living areas in the neighborhood of the residence.