日時：2016年7月15日（金）17:25-20:05

場所：理学部1号館大会議室

人類は群居性動物である霊長類の一員として、集団で生活する方途をさまざまに進化させてきた。現代のわれわれは、家族、仲間、地域社会、職業集団、国家、国際社会等、重層的で複雑に絡み合い、しばしば巨大な集団の中に生きている。本集会では、人類を含む霊長類の事例に焦点を絞り、人類と近縁の大型類人猿の社会に明瞭には認められない重層社会なる社会形態の形成について議論したい。話題提供には、松田一希「コロブス類の重層社会：ヒヒ類と比較して」、

本集会を企画した背景には「人類社会の進化史的基盤研究」と題する共同研究（於東京外国語大AA研）がある。霊長類社会／生態学、生態人類学、社会文化人類学の3分野を中心に、「集団」「制度」「他者」「生存・環境・極限」とテーマを展開しながら議論を続けてきた。その一貫した目的のひとつは、人類の社会性Socialityの進化的な解明にある。社会性とは、他者（他個体）と相互に関係しつつ同所的に存在する能力、つまり集団をなして生きる能力であり、集団の中で複数個体の共存を保証する能力のことである。より複雑な集団の生成には、諸制度（規範やルール、コンヴェンション等を含む）の生成も必要であったはずだ。重層社会もまた、そうした複雑な集団のありかたと言えよう。初期人類はどのような集団を形成していたのだろうか。それはどのような能力や傾向の獲得と関連していたのか。生息環境とはどのような関係にあったのだろうか。初期人類の社会を見据えつつ、現生の人類以外の霊長類と現生の人類の重層社会の両面から、家族の起原や社会性の進化についても議論したい。

責任者：河合香吏（東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所）

連絡先：kkawai@aa.tufs.ac.jp

Various indigenous farming systems have been practiced in miombo woodlands in southern Tanzania and northern Zambia. One of the main characteristics of these systems seems to be the fallowing areas that allow soil fertility to accumulate during periods of vegetation recovery. This paper attempts to categorize these farming systems by vegetation types and the methods used to decompose organic nutrients, and goes on to discuss the relationships among farming systems, vegetation, and rural societies.

The agricultural technologies observed in indigenous farming systems have ensured the survival of the vegetation in daily food production. Maintenance of the vegetation has been essential to the continuation of the farming systems, which have heavily depended on the biomass on the fallow land. While the vegetation suitable for this practice often differs, the vegetation within a particular society and culture has been retained. Thus, the agricultural technologies of rural societies have been mutually related to the sustainability of the indigenous farming systems.

Recently, however, population pressure, political changes and so on have changed rural societies, and indigenous farming systems have come to be regarded as simply an agricultural technology for food production. This isolation from social norms has caused a temporal imbalance between vegetation recovery and land use, and the vegetation has consequently degraded irreversibly. In current societies, with their greater focus on economy, it may be difficult to revive the relationship previously seen between the indigenous farming system and the society. It is, therefore, required to find an alternative way that the modern farming systems already introduced into rural areas may contribute to sustainable use of the forest.

This paper examines self-sufficiency, in terms of food, of a multi-ethnic agrarian community from the perspective of newly-arrived immigrants in northwestern Zambia. The traditional staple foods in the area are indigenous Kaonde grains, such as sorghum and maize, whereas the Lunda, Luvale, Luchazi and Chokwe immigrants continue to cultivate cassava. Both groups open slash-and-burn fields and maintain a self-sufficient life in the miombo woodland. However, the yields of these grains are vulnerable to changes in rainfall. In addition, unstable subsidy policies and chemical fertilizer supplies from the Zambian government significantly affect maize yields. The Kaonde experience severe hunger during the off-season of their grain stores, whereas the immigrants harvest cassava tubers throughout the year because the tubers store well under the ground. Based on a meal survey, Kaonde households consumed cassava during the off-season. They obtained dried cassava tubers from immigrant households, which they purchased or exchanged for side dishes or labor. This study shows that the indigenous Kaonde people are able to interact with the immigrants in their everyday lives through the exchange of food, especially cassava tubers, and that mutually supportive relationships are being built through the bartering of food and labor.