Early documents on Japanese archery by foreigners are valuable for their records of former bow and arrow usage and archery-related Japasese culture. Zen in the Art of Archery by E. Herrigel is well known. Herrigel stressed the mystical aspects of “The Way of Archery”, or kyudo. Therefore, there is no precise description of shooting technique in his book. Another early manuscript on kyudo, written in the early Showa period, was recently rediscovered by Dutch kyudo practitioners. Fundamentals of Japanese Archery (1937) by Toshisuke Nasu and William R. B. Acker, is the oldest extant manuscript of kyudo written in English and contains precise, technical shooting description. Its authors, however, are relatively unknown. We found new historical records on W. R. B. Acker at Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. from which we can conclude following points.
(1) W. R. B. Acker was born in New York in 1907 and studied East Asian art. He worked for the Freer Gallery of Art, Ghent University, and other universities. Acker passed away 1974.
(2) He resided in Kyoto as a field researcher for the Freer Gallery of Art from 1933 to 1937. In addition to his study of East Asian art, Acker practiced kyudo.
(3) Acker practiced kyudo with a Chikurin-school kyudo archer and his friend, Toshisuke Nasu.
(4) He was also involved in various other activities, including practicing Zen, living in a 'Zen temple, and translating an early Chinese archery book, Bukyo Shagaku Seiso, into English.
Acker's study is an orthodox kyudo textbook, in contrast to Herrigel's mystical work. Acker was forgotten, while Herrigel was great success. In the future, this study will investigate the Western cultural atmosphere underlying the acceptance of these books.

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この論考では、いわゆる現代的なコーチングが形になった時代に、「日本的なもの」がそのバックボーンにどのような「思想的影響」を与えたのかを分析する。日本の武道を通した「禅」の思想がエサレン研究所を介してコーチングの誕生に影響を与えているとの仮説を得たが、直接的に「思想的影響」があったことを証明することは難しいという結論となった。しかし、まったく影響されていない、ということを証明するのも難しいため、確かにコーチングが存在している世の中を生きている我々にとっては、可能性として過去のどのような「思想的影響」を受けているのかを考えることは、現在と未来のコーチングの発展にとって、決して無駄ではないだろう。

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Kyudo is a martial art which attaches importance to the operation process, and it is necessary to understand the sequence operation of the shooting method called the Shaho-Hassetsu according to the guidance person and the Kyudo textbook. The Shaho-Hassetsu refers to the Shajutsu procedure law when you have a bow and arrow in Kyudo. It is said that it Shichido the form of the shooting method from old times, and it is called Gomi Shichido. A series of processes to shoot a single arrow is dividing to seven items, This alone is not a Shaho-Hassetue of the shooting method, and in recent years it was added to the Shichi Fushi in addition to the remaining body (Zanshin) Shaho-Hassetsu. The discipline of Shajutsu is related to the Shaho-Hassetsue of the shooting method, and there must be no separation between them. That is, it is possible to smoothly synchronize the movement of the Shaho-Hasstue, Shajutsu technique is said to be Shaho-Hassetue. Among them, there are a lot of points and advanced technologies that should be noted in the "Kai "(association) and "Hanare"(away) which directly connects to Nakari. In fact, when you look at the contest in Kyudo magazine, you can see many comments about the association and the distance, and it is often pointed out to all the players, so in this research,Focusing on these two behaviors, we compare the differences between the high school students from Kyudo beginner to the expert, and the ideal shot form.

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時間論には、いろいろなアプローチがありうるが、本稿では時間計測の歴史に焦点をあてることによって、その計測技術の飛躍と近代社会の成立との関連を論じてみたい。近代以前の社会において、時計には時刻を知るためのものと時間の量を計るもの、二つのタイプがあった。ところが、ともに時間をはかる器具でありながら、この二つの時計は互換性をほとんど持っていなかった。しかし、近代の初頭において振り子が機械時計の調速部に採用されると、時間計測の精度は飛躍的に向上し、二つの時計は一つに統合されてゆく。「時計の統合」にいたってはじめて時間計測の普遍性が確立される。それは、近代科学、工業技術の発達の基礎となったばかりでなく、近代人の時間意識を作りかえ、複雑きわまりない近代的社会システムの形成を可能にしたのである.

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