This paper is to discuss Kyosei, living together in harmony, among the active seniors（Rinjuki seniors）and the older seniors. Rinjuki is a Hindu concept of middle age and over. It seems worthwhile to acknowledge the emergence of the active seniors as a new age group and to encourage them to contribute to the society, yet it is not easy to distinguish between active seniors and the older population. What does it mean to be active and not to be active? What is the definition of the active seniors and the older population? How are they different? Several theories concerning the older population are discussed, such as Jung, Erikson, Torstam and Kitwood, followed by examples of Kyosei and intergenerational activities with older people. Four roles of the older generation are proposed. 1) The role to keep active by working or doing volunteer activities 2) The role to pass down their knowledge and experiences 3) The role as consumers 4) The role as shugyosha, getting trained（the original concept of Rinjuki is religious training） The role of the active seniors who are willing to make a contribution to society, may change the world, yet we have to keep in mind that contribution should be based on training by all means. The victims of the earthquake remind us that it is often a challenge to receive services rather than to provide services. The narrative of the victims of the earthquake saying“I do not want to be the receiver of services all the time.I am healthy and I have experiences in life. I want to make use of myself.”is equivalent to an older person saying“I am frail, but I saw a weaker patient over there, I want to sing a song for her. I cannot go there by myself, Would you like to take me there, so that I may sing a song for her? Active seniors may contribute to the older frail population through peer volunteering which has been conducted at the University of Michigan, Turner Clinic for decades. The older people no matter how frail they seem to be, have rich experiences in life, negative or positive, and they feel, think, and express themselves by their presence itself. They can be an active person until the moment they die.

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本研究の目的は、「食べ歩き」という言葉を対象に、その概念を明らかにすることである。食べ歩きという言葉は2つの意味がある。つまり食べ物をあちこち食べてまわることおよび食べ物を歩きながら食べることである。このような概念が二分化した時期を新聞記事を用いて検証したところ、1985年に典型を見出すことができた。また、観光学として「食べ歩き」の概念は、“人”、“食べ物”、“店舗”、“地域”、“通過通路”、“滞留通路”で構成されていると考えた。さらに本研究では、「食べ歩き」の概念が有する応用上の意義も考察した。

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ごみ (一般廃棄物) の排出量は年間5, 000万t (平成元年度) , 年3%の増加量となっている。ごみの量の増加, 質の変化により, 市町村においては, 焼却施設の新設, 更新, 最終処分場の確保が困難となってきており, ごみ問題は極めて深刻な事態となっている。
ごみの減量化, 再生利用の推進がこの問題の解決の鍵であり, 普及啓発事業により, ごみを排出する国民一人一人の意識を分別収集への協力を含めた, ごみ減量化生活スタイルへと変革していくことが必要である。また, 官民挙げての組織として新たに設立されたごみ減量化推進国民会議の活動も期待される。厚生省においても, 引き続きごみの減量化を強力に推進することとしている。
減量化推進のための今後の課題としては, ごみ処理コストを排出者である住民が排出量に応じて負担する仕組みを作ることであり, 有料化, デポジット制度, ごみ税等を含めて検討を進めたい。

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The series "Transgressing Borders in American Studies", published in six volumes in 2006 and 2007, is an interesting and timely addition to the field. This series was planned as part of the celebrations of the 2006 fortieth anniversary of the Japanese Association for American Studies (JAAS). The JAAS membership of Japanese specialists in American Studies comes from a wide range of disciplines with a strongly interdisciplinary flavor. In contrast to prior publications by the same Association, each chapter in this collection approaches its subject with its own methodology. As the title of the series claims, this is a work that transgresses borders, between academic fields, the races that divide American society, ethnicity, gender, class. 83 researchers (including 26 female researchers) took part in the production of this series. Volume one, "American culture and self image", in thirteen chapters provides general discussion and background information about the development of the United States of America since its foundation over 200 years ago, and the emergence of historical and cultural characteristics. Volume two, "Power and Violence", addresses the nature of the authority that underwrites the freedom and democracy that define America, illuminating the historical associations between them in fourteen chapters. Volume three covers the post-war period, focusing in particular on economic and environmental issues from the 1960s onwards. First, economic and environmental events are reviewed from a historical perspective; second, global environmental degradation and delayed environmental policy, and third, public finance, economic policy, credit, and transportation policy are reviewed from the new perspectives of environmental economic history and feminist economics. Volume five, under the theme "Globalization and Empire", reexamines from both within and without the development of the federal republic since its foundation, discussing economic issues, exchange of ideas, and the spread of culture. In volume six, "Inheritance and Transfiguration of Culture", the editors outline their desire to examine America through the prism of Japan, examining the significance of the early Meiji Japanese who studied in America, overseas artistic and cultural influences, and the overseas influence of the culture of Japanese "anime". 2008 saw multiple events centered on America generate surprise around the world. One was the financial crisis, arising from the sub-prime loan problem. Another was the election as President of a black Democratic Party candidate, Barack Obama. This series sheds some light on why these two events occurred at this time and is well worth attention.

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