The Taihei-Shinkyo-Ryu (Kenjyutsu School) was founded by Wakana Shinkyosai, a masterless Samurai (Ronin), in 1778. This study aimed at explaining the situation behind Taihei-Shinkyo-Ryu, one of the Military Arts schools, among Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin.
Results are summarized as follows:
1. At the beginning of the. Edo Period, a group of Ronin (who were the last Takeda followers from the Kai District), were deployed at the crucial points in Hachioji for the defense of the Edo Castle by the Tokugawas. They were composed of three classes (Senninkashira, Kumikashira and Hiradoshin), and had to practice military arts.
2. After the Kansei Era, the Tokugawas encouraged Sennin-Doshin to practice martial arts, and at that time Wakana Shinkyosai taught his philosophy to Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin.
In case of Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin, the number of students was as follows: (for example, in case of Wakana Seishinsai >Shinkyosai's son< ) Senninkashira had 16, Kumikashira 11 and Hiradoshin 36.
In this way, members from all classes practiced Taihei-Shinkyo-Ryu.
3. The best student of this school was Shiono Tekisai, from Kumikashira. He spread the school philosophy to all classes of Sennin-Doshin. For example, during every winter, he practiced martial arts early in the morning with his students for about 50 days. The Dojo (practicing hall) was in the open air. It was so cold that they got their hands chapped, but they devoted themselves to practicing. Then, his Dojo came to be supported by Senninkashira. And some of students were selected to demonstrate Kenjyutsu in front of the Tokugawa Shogun and were given awards.
4. The philosophy was derived from Confucianism. The parents of students needed it for the education of their children. They wanted their children to become the students (Nyumon) at the age of 16.
5. Many Hiradoshin who lived in the village were farmers. So they harbored ill feeling toward Samurai who lived near the Edo Castle. But on the other hand, they had a dream to be promoted to higher classes.
6. Specially, in the Tama District, there ware a lot of Ronin who came from the Kai District. They continued to practice Kenjyutsu as the followers of the Takeda Clan, despite the fact that the practice of Kenjyutsu had been prohibited in the village. They were thought to be Samurai who had practiced Kenjyutsu.
7. And Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin wanted to be recognized as Samurai, so Shiono Tekisai set up his school with the Hachioji-Sennin-Doshin and became the chief mentor in many areas around Hachioji.

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市民が研究に関与する「市民科学」は、科学への市民の積極的な参加の一形態である。市民が研究に積極的に参加するためには、動機づけや参加しやすい環境など様々な要因を想定し、研究を設計する段階でこれらの点を考慮に入れなければならない。近年のオープンデータに関する動きは自然科学だけでなく人文社会科学にも亘っており、専門家以外のデータ利活用促進を目指している。その意味では分野横断的なテーマのワークショップは、市民に研究参加の場を提供すると同時にオープンデータの利用を促進する有効な方策である。国文学研究資料館では、一般市民に歴史史料の中に記述された天変地異に関する用語を探してもらうワークショップを 2016 年から 3回にわたって行った。事後のアンケート調査から、地域の史料への関心や歴史と天文学という組み合わせの意外性などが参加動機に繋がっていることが窺え、異分野連携研究が自然科学にそれほど興味のない層を取り込むために一定の効果があることが明らかになった。その一方で、今後、市民参加による研究データの基盤整備を進めるためには、データの精度と確度の高い情報を抽出することができるよう指導していくことが必要で、参加者の年齢層や能力を勘案してシステム設計をする必要がある。

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Zensin-Mukei-Ryu Kenjutsu School (literally Zen Meditation-Intangible swardsmanship School)was founded by Shichirozaemon Minamoto-no Takesato Tajima (Takesato Tajima). a headman of Ogose Village (presently Ogose Town, Saitama Prefecture), influenced by Ohyama-Shinko (a Kind of mountainous folk belief) in AD 1800. The School had been prospering until 1830.
This study aimed at clarifying the plan made by the disseminators (mentors) of Ohyama belief who took advantage of Zensin-Mukei Ryu.
The results are summarized as follows:
1. In the middle of the Edo Period, many farmers of middle or upper class in the Bushu District (presently Saitama Pref. and its vicinity) wanted to practice Kogen-Itto-Ryo Kenjutsu School that had been established in the same district. Then, Takesato Tajima, one of the studens of Kogen-Itto-Ryu. founded another new school, Zensin-Mukei-Ryu in 1800, a branch split from Kogen-Itto-Ryu. It (Zensin-Mukei-Ryu) spread in Ogose Village and its vicinity.
2. Takesato Tajima and his 114 students dedicated a tablet to Kasuga Shrine of Ogose Village, on which the names of the members of Zensin-Mukei-Ryu were writen. On the Tablet we can also find the names of 21 disseminators of Ohyama belief in the Soshu District (presently Kanagawa Pref. and its vicinity), mixed with those of other students in the neighborhood.
3. Mt. Ohyama in Isehara City, Kanagawa Prefecture, is located 1252 meters above sea level. The faith in Mt. Ohyama was born in ancient days when farmers and fishermen in the Kanto District prayed for rain and good harvest. The disseminators of Ohyama had been propagating their belief around the kanto District for acquiring their followers. They organized “Ohyama-Ko”, a pilgrim association of having the same faith. They climbed together Mt. Ohyama and made a monetary contribution to Ohyama Shrine.
4. Then there had been several “Ohyama-Ko” around the Ogose Village. Takesato Tajima and his students also had faith in Mt. Ohyama. They had made a pilgrimage to Mt. Ohyama, and stayed with Sato Ohsumi, one of the disseminators, who was also one of the students of Takesato Tajima.
5. The disseminators of Mt. Ohyama had come to resort to force for protecting themselves from enemies whom they came across while spreading their belief. Before AD 1800, they had been the students of Kogen-Itto-Ryu. After 1800, however, they were converted to Zensin-Mukei-Ryu. This shows how the disseminators came to be affiliated with Zensin-Mukei-Ryu.
6. In short, the disseminators conceived that being the students of Takesato Tajima would help them to increase the number of their believers. On the other hand, Takesato Tajima, saw to it that he could take advantage of Mt. Ohyama's religious influence in order to expand Zensin-Mukei-Ryu. Thus, Zensin-Mukei-Ryu was established to promote mutual benefit with the disseminators of Ohyama belief.

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