Gassan by Atsushi Mori was given 70th Akutagawa Prize at the 48th age of Showa. It became the topic of talk, because he received the prize at his age of sixty-one and also reappered after long silence in spite of his early debut. The hero spent his life at Churenji looking upon Mt. Gassan in Tohoku district from fall to next spring. This is the author's original world of symbolic description of the nature, narrated in the letter style, in which the problems of the Nature, human beings, life and death are discussed through the hero's hibernation. After a suite was composed, based upon the novel, it is dealt with in ballet, fine art, dance, film, drama and so on. Seaching for features of Mori's literatuire, we would consider why it appeals so much especially to young readers.

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Artistic gymnastics has been included in the Modern Olympics since the first Games, held in Athens in 1896. The rules have been revised on a number of occasions over the course of time, equipment standards have changed, and the apparatus have improved. Many techniques have thus been generated due to the development of artistic gymnastics. The progress and development of these techniques has served as a foundation for the development of artistic gymnastics, and the development of sports technology (“Sportliche Technik” Fetz，1972，p.287) has had a major impact on the process whereby these techniques have been generated.

On the basis of historical source materials, this study aims to elucidate trends in the technical development of the turning and flipping skills group on the balance beam by examining factors such as the impact of changes in equipment standards, scoring rules, and technical skills.

Since 1960, the following points have become evident in regard to the flipping skills group.

・After the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, the balance beam changed into a rhythmic and dynamic event due to the development of techniques, improvements in equipment, and scoring rules that discouraged static performances, and the balance beam became a rhythmic and dynamic event, and the techniques of the flipping skills group changed. There is a strong trend toward speeding up technology.

・After 1976, the techniques in the flipping skills began to be performed as a series of techniques rather than as single techniques. Particularly in 1979, as the scoring rules required a series of techniques that directly combined techniques, and with the development of the technique for “backflip”, the flipping skills were treated as a central element of acting. becomes.

・Since 1993, the role of the flipping skills were limited to its value as a run-up. there has been an ongoing rising trend in enhancing artistic value of performances by combining existing skills with acrobatic elements. Since 1960, this study revealed the following points in regard to the turning skills group.

・Until the 1990s, 360° turns were performed in competition.

・Since the 1990s, due to the influence of scoring rules, the upper limits of evaluation points were abolished, resulting in a marked tendency of making existing skills more structurally complex.

In this way, in order for the balance beam event to remain as an event in gymnastics in the future, it is necessary to have a fundamental understanding of the event itself. Furthermore, it will be necessary to revise the rules to encourage the generation of original shapes based on an understanding of the essential event characteristics of the balance beam mentioned above, as well as to improve the equipment and change the equipment standards.

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　Currently, there are over 500 skills categorized in the scoring rules for women’s gymnastics, as a result of continuous skill development by athletes and coaches. To reorganize the results of such skill development, it is necessary to study changes in the scoring rules and improvements made in equipment and consider how they relate to skills. Studies that focus directly on sports movements and explore the technical aspects of sports, rather than investigating the general history of sports development from a sociocultural perspective, are centered on the historical development of skills (Kishino and Tawa, 1972).
　Such studies are now commonplace in gymnastics research but are based mostly on men’s events. This study examined the developments made in salto skills on balance beams from the 1960s to the present day, highlighting the changes in skill development triggered by new scoring rules and improved equipment and shedding light on the future direction of skill development in gymnastics.
The results of this research are summarized as follows.
　1. In the 1960s, salto skills for the balance beam were identified and were performed only during dismount.
　2. From the 1970s to the 1980s, many salto skills were developed owing to improvements in balance beam equipment as well as the program component system of scoring rules and the point adding system.
　3. Since the 1990s, owing to rule changes and a lack of any change in the width of the beam, almost no new salto skills have been developed.
　4. Since the 2000s, owing to a change in the height of the balance beam, having a mat placed on the ground for safety, and a scoring rule focused on high difficulty, the development of dismount skills has progressed.
　In relation to the future of skill development, this can be summarized as follows.
　1. Development of balance beam dismount skills with complicated structures that are similar to those in floor exercises is likely to occur.
　2. We can also expect the development of different salto skills on the beam relative to floor exercises, such as a modified salto with a one-leg jump and one-leg landings that can be performed on the width of the balance beam.

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当院において経験した, 急性乳様突起炎患者4症例を報告した。4症例のうち, 3例は点滴療法による抗生剤投与と鼓膜チューブ挿入術にて治癒したが, 1例は乳様突起単削開術を施行した。4症例のうち, 2例で肺炎球菌が検出されたが, ペニシリン低感受性肺炎球菌を始めとする薬剤耐性菌の存在を考慮し, 耳漏培養及び鼻咽腔培養を全例に施行し, 適切な抗生剤を使用するよう心がける必要がある。急性乳様突起炎は, 抗生剤の発達した現代においても, 重篤な合併症を引き起こす可能性の比較的高い疾患であり, 迅速かつ適切な治療が望まれる。

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近年,小学校や中学校においてデジタル教材を授業で利用する機会は増加している。情報機器の利用という授業環境の変化に伴い,教員には既存のデジタル教材を授業で活用するだけでなく,デジタル教材を自ら作成し活用する能力も要求されてきている。そこで,本研究では,教員養成課程の学生を対象としたデジタル教材作成技術の育成,およびその効果の調査に関する研究の一環として,デジタル教材作成演習の内容と,作成した教材のデータベース化について報告する。

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The author describes herein several coupling reactions of terminal alkynes with organic halides, which protocols are recently developed in the author's group. Use of new activators such as silver (I) oxide, tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), several quaternary ammonium hydroxides, and aqueous ammonia constitute a practical synthetic strategy for the introduction of carbon-carbon triple bond moieties into organic molecules.

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Abundance of macrobenthos relative to dissolved oxygen was investigated at weekly intervals during summer, when the water temperature is high, in a sea area around subaqueous borrow pits in the north-eastern part of Mikawa Bay, central Japan. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen remained at almost 0 % in the borrow pit during summer. In contrast, these concentrations varied frequently over short periods in the shallower area around the borrow pits such that an oxygen-deficient environment did not remain for a long period. Very few species were found in the borrow pit although a few macrobenthos species, such as Paraprionospio sp. type A, occurred. Moreover, the densities and biomass of macrobenthos were also very low in the borrow pit. On the other hand, arthropoda, mollusca, cnidaria and annelida inhabited the shallower area around the borrow pits. The densities and biomass of arthropoda and mollusca immediately decreased as the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreased in early summer, and then gradually increased as the concentration recovered. In contrast, cnidaria and annelida hardly decreased in the oxygen-deficient environment. Macrobenthos, particularly arthropoda and mollusca, are greatly influenced by dissolved oxygen in a sea area around the borrow pits in Mikawa Bay.

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 Der Zweck dieser Untersuchung besteht darin, den Wert von Sprüngen am Frauenboden im Kunstturnen aufzuklaren.

 Darum wurde dieser Übung vom Kinästhesiologischen- morphologischen Standpunkt aus betrachtet.

 Dadurch haben sich einige neue Informationen über der Sprünge am Frauenboden im Kunstturnen, um Wert, den Wert von Sprünge am Frauenboden im Kunstturnen ausführen.

 Daraus ergab sich, dass die zwei Werte (der Kunstturnenstil und die Verlängerung) sich auf die Sprünge am Frauenboden im Kunstturnen ausgewirkt haben.

 Diese neue Informationen sollen auf den Lehrpraxis von Bodenübung erfolgreich an gewendet werden.

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 Der Zweck dieser Untersuchung besteht darin, dass die Technik vom „Sprung mit ½ Dre.

(180°) über die Schulter zum Nackenstand, ½ Dre.zum Bruststand“ (Silivas) am Schwebebalken vom Standpunkt der phänomenologisch-morphologischen Bewegungslehre aus ins klare gebracht werden soll. Dabei sollen wir die sportliche Technik unter dem „Verfahren“ im Sinne MEINELs, d.h. als das in der Praxis entstandenes und erprobtes Verfahren verstehen. In der vorligenden Untersuchung spielt solche Auffassung von der sportlichen Technik sehr wichtiger Rolle.

 Von dieser Untersuchung wurden die einige nützliche technische Informationen über dieses Element am Schwebebalken abgeleitet.

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In this study, we conducted corrective coaching for learners who had developed movement difficulties in the straddle vault due to past failures, examined from the perspective of the morphological movement theory. The results indicated that eliminating the original kinesthesia of "lowering arms from the front and pushing the vaulting box while falling forward" and generating new kinesthesia in the "first flight phase (from take-off on the springboard until contact on the vaulting table)" and the "second flight phase (from take-off on the vaulting table until landing)" led to improvements in the movement difficulties.

In the "first flight phase," the new kinesthesia of "swinging arms from behind and placing hands on the far end of the vaulting box" eliminated the original kinesthesia of "falling forward" and was shown to be a major kinesthesia for learners to perform the skill safely.In the "second flight phase," the new kinesthesia of "putting legs together and raising arms forward to land" played a similar role to the main kinesthesia in eliminating the original kinesthesia but served as supplementary kinesthesia for learners to perform the skill safely. Therefore, when instructing this kinesthesia, it was necessary to ensure that the main kinesthesia in the "first flight phase" was established and could be performed without conscious effort.

Additionally, appropriate "spotting" and "adjustments in learning steps" based on the learners' situations significantly contributed to eliminating and generating kinesthesia. As for spotting, we performed two different methods depending on the learners' situations and fear levels, which were only pulling the upper arm up or simultaneously pulling the learner's upper arm forward with one hand and pushing the thigh forward with the other. As for learning steps, we adjusted the initially planned "running approach to straddle vault" to a "walking approach to straddle vault" according to the learners' situations.

This study presented a new perspective on corrective coaching for movement difficulties in the straddle vault. We hope that the findings of this study will be effectively utilized in coaching physical education.

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