The objective of this paper is to review the development of building services in Japanese hotels from Meiji era to the end of WWII. The beginning of Meiji, individual heating facilities were installed in hotels. Central heating systems were introduced during Taisho era. Steam heating was utilized in the most of hotels. Air conditioning systems was firstly installed in Kyoto Hotel in 1928 and all of rooms in Shin-Osaka Hotel in 1935 were air-conditioned. There were few hotels which had guest rooms with bath up to Showa. Water toilets were introduced to guest rooms in the same period. A history of the office building services in hotels were also described. Historical development was compared.

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In the modern period, the existence of the Pure Land became a major problem in Japanese Buddhism. In this paper, I examine the case of the Buddhist scholar Kimura Taiken (1881–1930). In new modernist interpretations of Buddhism, the existence of the Pure Land as an objective place for rebirth was virtually denied. However, Kimura’s views differed from those of his contemporaries. According to Kimura, the Pure Land should be realized both mentally and materially in this world, and aspiring to the Pure Land conforms to the fundamental spirit of Mahayana Buddhism.

Kimura’s interpretation of Pure Land as a concrete realm to be realized in this world connects to the theme of “Buddhism and social movements.” Kimura maintains that trying to make this world into a pure land is none other than the embodiment of the fundamental spirit of Mahayana Buddhism, and such work is the proper social activity of Buddhists.

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韓国の農村地域の汚水処理の体系と現況を調べた結果, 事業施行初期で現れたさまざまな問題にもかかわらず, 水質汚染の初期段階での予防という目的をある程度達成した。また, 政府が事業推進に対する妥当性を認識し, 住民の意識水準も高くなったので, これからはもっと活発に行われると信じたい。農村地域の小規模下水処理施設は, 村下水道事業統合指針に基づいて行われている。農村地域の生活環境改善と上水源水質汚染防止のため, 農漁村特別税で1995～2004年までの10年間, 農漁村下水処理事業を面単位下水道事業と村単位下水道事業とに区分して進めている。関連機関としては, 農林部, 環境部, 行政自治部の3部が関わっているが, 日本の社団法人日本農業集落排水協会のような専門機関は持っていないのが現況である。
事業の成功的推進のためには, 政府の一方的な努力ばかりではなく関係専門家たちの活発な研究・開発, 参加業者のまじめな施工努力, 地元住民の積極的な参与意志などが一体にならなければならないだろう。

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