The breweries in Nada were always a leader of sake brewing industry in Japan, for it was they who sent sake to Edo in the Tokugawa period and to all over the country in the Meiji period. The purpose of this paper is to explain the function of sake brewing industry in Nada and to compare the breweries in Nada with those in Chita and Fushimi. We will attempt to answer the following questins. (1) How did the Nada brewers proceed with the transition from Tokugawa to Meiji? (2) Why did the sake brewing industry arise in Nada? (3) What, technologically, was the factor in the successful development of the industry in Nada? (4) How did the Nada breweries cope with the difficulties in the last days of Tokugawa rule? (5) How did the Nada breweries modernize the sake brewing industry in the Meiji period? The whole process of development of sake brewing industry in Nada can be devided into eight periods: those of germination(1724-53), of growth(1754-85), of stagnation(1786-1803), of expansion(1804-31), of inaction(1832-70), of slack(1871-81), of convalescence(1882-96), and of further advance(1897-). In conclusion, the development of the sake brewing industry in Nada after the Meiji period was made possible by the breweries' efforts in two directions. First, the production was increased, and second, marketing was given a greater emphasis.

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The Chita Peninsula was the second largest industrial area in sake brewing of Japan until the Meiji era. The output of Chita's sake and the quantity of its shipment to Edo were almost as large as those of the Nada area. But in the 1880's, Chita faced a crucial period under the Finance Minister MATSUKATA's deflation policy, and eventually became just one of the many, small local brewing areas. The brewing industry in Chita, as was the case in Nada, became prosperous in the early eighteenth century. Located between Osaka and Edo, the rich of the area invested in the shipment business. Moreover, the peninsula lacked fertile land, so that poor peasants had to work elsewhere outside the village: the sake brewing and shipment business for the Edo market gave them job opportunities. Owari, in which Chita was included, was a powerful han in the Tokugawa period, and supported Chita's sake businesses even when brewing in other areas was controlled by the Shogunate. This made the Chita sake industry prosperous. After the Meiji Restoration, the government removed restrictions on brewing. With the introduction of steamship and telegraph, Chita's sake shipment business was left behind. They also lost the guardian Owari han. Even worse, having sold by the same Tokyo wholesalers that dealt in goods produced in Nada, Chita's sake, was thought as a cheap substitute for Nada's and with the oversupply on the Tokyo market, it lost its demand in the Tokyo area. Furthermore, the government began to put a geavier tax on sake, and also on the quantity of brewing not on the wholesale price. The result was that breweries of cheap sake had to pay heavier taxes, and gradually the Chita brewing industry began to decline.

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伝統産業である清酒醸造業の近代化のあり方, その限界が問題となっている現在, 享保末期の米価下落を契機とする酒造経営の自由化と酒造技術の近代化, 江戸市場への輸送の合理化とを三本の柱として発展した灘酒造業の姿を通じて, 伝統産業の近代化のあり方と意義について問題を提起していただいた。

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