This present research has clarified the following points. First, along with rising incomes, expenditures for dining out among Chinese urban citizens have been increasing at an extremely high rate since the latter half of the 1990s. However, the proportion of expenditures for dining out among all food expenditures has remained level since 2006. This is due to the slowing of income growth and the diversification of expenditures for dining out. Second, individuals in their 20s and 30s dine out frequently, but this is not the case among the middle-aged and elderly (50 years and older). Also, individuals in their 20s are the age group for which the increase in expenditures for dining out is the most pronounced, while such expenditures have been decreasing among individuals in their 50s and older. Third, traditional Chinese foods such as noodles and jiaozi (dumplings) are frequently chosen from restaurant menus, but fast food and rice bowls are also prevalent choices. The preference for fast food is particularly pronounced among the younger generation. Fourth, there are differences among cities in terms of the frequency of dining out as well as dining choices. This background of regional particularity is informed by differences in eating habits and food culture. Thus, it is clear that menu choices as well as upward and downward trends in the frequency of outside dining differ greatly across different age groups. Therefore, it is proper to view the diversity of forms of outside dining and the associated changes in relation to the life cycles of urban citizens.

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 This paper aims to grasp the changes of Tiananmen Square at the beginning of the 20th century by using public documents, newspapers, and other literature. In the Ming and Qing eras, Tiananmen Square was originally a "forbidden square", however after the Boxer Rebellion and the Xinhai Revolution, the square became a public space on New Year's Day in 1913. After opening to the public, several new gates were built in order to improve the accessibility of Tiananmen Square. Some organizations even planed to turn the square into a commercial district, but it failed to realize. On the contrary to the newly allowable public access, the security of Tiananmen became stricter, and the Beijing Government monopolized the square sometimes and used it for some events such as Yuan Shikai's military parades on National Foundation Day in 1913 and 1914. It can be said that Tiananmen Square had characters of both a “forbidden square” and a public space at this time.

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This study is intended to clarify the vocabulary of architecture and urban design by analyzing the critical reviews in Sapporo Urban Design Awards. Critical reviews are described as composition of objects in evaluation and evaluation basis. As the results of classifications, objects in evaluation are classified into 30 categories of spatial elements and activities. And, evaluation basis are classified into 18 categories. These two aspects of reviews, objects and basis, are combined and form critical units. By analyzing of meanings, the differences of critical units are identified among the classifications of spatial types, architecture, open space and activities. its tend to be pointed basis in norm on the architecture, basis in utilities on whole and part of open space, and basis in matching and expression on part of objects. Typical forms of critical reviews have some kind of basis and objects, and some have hierarchical composition of objects and basis.

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Methods of this study is to analyze factors by structural equation modeling based on a questionnaire survey for users of the hall and library complexes. As results, these following points were clarified. Firstly, mutual use was improved when the users recognized the whole facility. Next, symbolism improved the recognition of the whole facility. Lastly, the coziness of the facility reduced the recognition of the whole facility. Based on the above findings, it is necessary to prepare mechanism to raise the recognition of the symbolism and the whole image of the facility, promote mutual use, and spend time in fluid location.

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