The purpose of this study was to clarify the actual situation of cooling strategies used during competition or practice under hot environments among elite Japanese athletes. Participants (102 elite athletes, 20 coaches, and 4 scientific-support staffs) completed cooling strategies questionnaire that focused on the strategies they used in competition or practice. The participants played sports that fell into one of seven event categories: triathlon, women’s field hockey, cycling, men’s beach volley ball, women’s rugby sevens, fencing, and men’s soccer. The results of this study demonstrated that most elite Japanese athletes, coaches, and scientific support staff thought their athletic performance was impaired during competition or practice under hot environments (89% and 83%, respectively). Thus, under such conditions, the athletes, coaches, and other staffs strongly recognized the importance of cooling strategies in both competition and practice (100% and 95%, respectively). However, the implementation rate of cooling strategies, such as body cooling, was lower in practice compared with in competition (64% and 86%, respectively). Additionally, we confirmed that the most popular cooling strategy in both competition and practice was using an ice pack, however, no comment was made regarding ice slurry ingestion as a cooling strategy. Our results suggest that although elite Japanese athletes, coaches, and scientific support staff recognize the importance of cooling strategy during competition and practice, strategy engagement differed between competition and practice. Moreover, because no comment was made regarding the use of novel cooling strategies, information transmission was speculated as not always being enough for Japanese athletes. Therefore, more information regarding cooling strategies should be provided to Japanese athletes and coaches to optimize performance at not only competitions but also during practice under hot environments.

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本研究では、DBSSUを改訂することを第一の目的とし、加えて水泳や水中運動の恩恵と負担および水泳・水中運動実施の主観的な環境の認知の測定を行い、それらの行動意図への影響を検討することを第二の目的とした。大学生254名を対象とした予備調査から水泳・水中運動の恩恵については7カテゴリが得られ、負担については8カテゴリが得られ、そのうち行動変容段階に応じて差異が確認された計6カテゴリ（恩恵：「全身運動」「健康・体力づくり」「ストレス解消」、負担：「面倒さ」「疲労感」「所要時間」）を採用し、それらを基に尺度項目が作成された。次いで、大学生580名を対象とした本調査のデータについて項目分析および探索的因子分析（最尤法・プロマックス回転）を行なった結果、9項目3因子構造が確認され、「改訂版水泳・水中運動の意思決定バランス尺度－大学生版（DBSSU−R）」と命名した。α係数および再テスト法により信頼性が確認された。また、行動変容段階における下位尺度得点から構成概念妥当性を確認した。水泳・水中運動の意思決定バランスおよび主観的な環境の認知が水泳・水中運動の行動意図に及ぼす影響を重回帰分析により検討したところ、行動変容ステージにて影響の差異が確認された。すなわち、‘初期ステージ’ では安価に利用できるプール施設および疲労蓄積に関する負担が行動意図に影響を及ぼしたのに対し、‘後期ステージ’ では衛生的できれいなプール施設が行動意図に影響を及ぼした。これらを踏まえ、大学体育における今後の水泳・水中運動の授業での介入の視点について詳細に述べられた。最後に本研究の制限と今後の課題について議論された。

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目的: 市区町村健康政策行政担当者の属性・意識・生活状況と政策中の環境整備指標の採用度および策定における満足度との関連を明らかにする. 対象および方法: 関東地方1都6県の509市区町村における主な担当者に対し, 郵送法による質問紙調査を実施した. 現状特定・現状分析・問題と課題の決定・政策形成要因, 政策中の諸指標, 策定プロセスにおける満足度, 価値観と情況を調査項目とし, 有効回答274名 (回収率60.2%) のうち満足度と各論における環境整備指標の採用に関する質問にそれぞれ回答のあった143名ならびに149名を分析対象とした. 環境整備指標採用度ならびに担当者の満足度をそれぞれ従属変数とし, 各質問項目との四分表を作成し, 二項ロジスティック回帰分析によりオッズ比 (OR) および95%信頼区間 (CI) を求めた. 結果: 健康政策策定プロセスにおいては, 庁内の公私にわたる交流が環境整備指標採用度と, 庁外の交流や担当者の内面的情況が満足度と関連していた. 担当者の価値観と情況においては, 自らの健康がつくられる場所 (地域), 時 (食事中) を認めないことが満足度や環境整備指標採用度と関連していた. その他においては, 他課職員の巻き込みが環境整備指標採用度と関連していた. 結論: 健康政策策定プロセスにおける, 庁舎内外の組織的・個人的交流は, 行政担当者の満足度を促すと同時に環境整備にも有益である. 一方で, 満足度が高く環境整備の採用に関心がある場合, 健康をつくる時 (食生活) と場所 (地域性) が乏しい者が多いという側面においては, サービス提供者として矛盾が生じていた. この矛盾に注目した実態解明が必要である.

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アトピー性皮膚炎患児 (以下AD患児と略) を養育している母親からの日常生活に関わる多様な訴えの奥にある育児に関する不安や心配を理解し, 母親への心理面への支援をおこなうことは母親の心身の健康維持に重要であり, 児のADの改善に良い影響を与えると考えられる. これらのことを踏まえてAD患児の母親の心理面への支援に必要なことを検討する目的でADと診断されている3, 4, 5歳児の母親44名を対象に, 育児に関する不安項目・日本版STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) ・その他の項目を用いてADではない3, 4, 5歳児の母親108名との比較により分析・検討した. その結果, 本研究の対象となったAD群の母親, 対照群の母親共に育児に関する不安要因は特性不安に関連する〈児の年齢〉・〈就業〉・〈私は生き生きと育児している〉・〈気が滅入ることがよくある〉・〈とても心配性であれこれ気に病む〉の5項目と状態不安に関連する〈夫と一緒に育児していると感じる〉・〈同居家族数〉の2項目であった. AD群の母親では児の年齢が上がること, 母親が就業していることは不安を大きくし, 同居家族数が多いことは不安を小さくし, また母親の心的状況は, 不安はありながらも夫と協力して生き生きと育児をしており, 夫と協力し不安なく生き生きと育児をしているが気がかりや心配があり不安が大きい対照群との相違が明らかになった. これらのことからAD群の母親の心理面への支援には重要他者 (夫・医師など) との良好な関係が必要であることが示唆された.

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Objective : To study the life style of the homeless living along the riverside, to assess their physical and mental health status, and to clarify the changes in their health status.Subjects : 155 homeless living in tents along the Sumida-River.Methods : The initial survey was conducted from July through December 2000, asking about the personal traits, life style, physical health status, subjective symptoms and mental health status (The General Health Questionnaire : GHQ-28). The follow-up survey was conducted in October and November, 2002. The presence of each subject, as well as his health status were confirmed.Results : According to the initial survey, the GHQ total score distribution of 86 male subjects indicated two peaks : that of a lower score group (mean : 2.7), and of a higher score group (mean : 10.7) suggesting a mildly neurotic condition. A higher score group a greater more number of subjective symptoms than the lower score group (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between the GHQ scores and the number of subjective symptoms (Spearman's rank correlation : 0.51, p<0.001) . Logistic regression analysis revealed that odds ratio of the number of subjective symptoms for neurotic condition was 1.95 (95% Confidence Interval : 1.203-3.162).The follow-up study showed that 40% of the homeless men had left the riverside, and most of them due to health-related problems. Regarding the termination of living along the riverside, univariate analysis of logistic regression model revealed that odds ratio of the number having disease was 3.18 (95% Confidence Interval : 1.316-7.669), and odds ratio of GHQ total score was 1.15 (95% Confidence Interval : 1.028-1.297).Conclusion : The number of disease of the individual homeless and the aggravated mental health status were contributing factors to the termination of living along the riverside.

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Background: It is important to understand the process of body habitus change during adolescence for the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes of obesity-related indices in university students by using periodic anthropometric measurements.

Methods: The study sample comprised 991 university students (667 males and 324 females) who enrolled in 2002 and became senior year students in 2005 at the C University T Campus (School of Health and Sport Sciences, School of Contemporary Sociology and School of Informatics). We analyzed the associations between the body mass index (BMI) and other obesity-related indices, which are as follows: percent body fat, body fat content, lean body mass, abdominal girth, buttock girth, waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio. The measurements at admission were compared to those after three years (at senior year) by using paired t-tests. The associations between BMI differences (i.e.＝senior year value--freshman value) and other indices were analyzed graphically. After classifying the subjects into four categories according to the BMI differences, the differences of each index were compared among the four categories by performing analyses of variance.

Results: During the three years after university admission, the percent body fat, body fat content, abdominal girth, waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio increased, and the lean body mass and buttock girth decreased in both male and female students. The result had similar tendencies without distinction of the department. The body fat content difference and abdominal girth difference changed to positive values at negative values (－1.0 to 0) of the BMI difference, and the lean body mass difference and buttock girth difference changed to positive values at positive values (1.0 to 2.0) of the BMI difference. All the indices increased among Subjects in the changed-to-obese group, particularly the fat indices that showed a higher increase when compared to the lean body indices. Among Subjects in the changed-to-non-obese group, all the indices decreased, except for the waist-hip ratio, and the lean body indices showed reductions similar to the body fat indices. The waist-hip ratio increased in all categories of BMI difference. On the basis of the z-scores of the differences, the body fat content showed the highest disparity among the four categories of body habitus change, and the waist-hip ratio showed the least.

Conclusion: Those observed characteristics related each other, and the underlying changes are an increase in fat tissue and decrease in non-fat tissue are basic. It is speculated that the body habitus change, caused by those changes, gradually progresses in university students during that age.

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