A near-infrared reflectance spectrophotometer with optical fiber was developed to determine soil moisture content in soil layer. The major components of the measurement system were a halogen lamp, a feed and return fiber optic cable, a spectrophtometer, and a personal computer as a system controller. Light was induced in a feed optical fiber to soil surface and reflect ray was also induced in a return optical fiber to spectro-photometer. The percent refrectances of soil surface at 1.94 /zm wavelength were correlated with the soil moisture contents. However, soil particle size deviation affects the percent reflectance. To remove this influence, a reflectance ratio (reflectance at 1.7zim/l.9/zm) was adopted as dependent varia-ble of moisture content instead of percent reflectance. The reflectance ratio was not affected by soil temperature range 10 to 50 °C and salt concentration of soil solution. Reflectance ratio vs. soilmoisture content curves were best fit for exponential curve. Furthermore, each soil appears to have a unique moisture-reflectance curve. It was concluded that this technique of soil moisture measurement is feasible and deserved further research.

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患者は, 25歳の女性で, 分娩後, 腟壁および頚管裂傷からの大量の出血によりショックに陥った. 輸血および子宮全摘によりショックから回復したが, DICを併発しており, また分娩直後より無尿が続いた. DICを合併した急性腎不全と診断し, 血液透析を行った. 無尿は20日間続き, その後尿の排出がみられたが, 十分な利尿がつかず, 腎機能の改善も認められなかった. 4カ月後に行った腎生検の結果, 急性腎皮質壊死の組織診断を得た. 発症から1年以上経た現在も, 週2回の慢性透析を続けている. 最近の検査成績では, クレアチニンクリアランスは13ml/minで, 腎臓部に石灰化は認められていない.
本邦において報告された急性腎皮質壊死62例 (自験例を含めて) を集計し, 統計的観察を行った. 救命された症例は, 11例で, 死亡率82%という予後不良の疾患である. 臨床的および組織学的に急性腎皮質壊死とDICとの関連をみて, 急性腎皮質壊死の成因にDICが深い関わりをもっていることを明らかにした.

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An autopsy case of renal cortical necrosis following total cystectomy and Brickers' operation in a 61 year-old male with recurrent left ureteral tumor, is reported. Following the operation, the patient developed hematuria and his urinary output diminished gradually. In spite of repeated hemodyalysis for 13 times during the period of 24 days of anuria, he died on the 26 th postoperative day. Autopsy revealed complete destruction of all renal cortical tissue, excluding the subcapsular and juxtamedullary zone. Review of the Japanese medical literature revealed that 15 cases were reported up to date, including two survival cases. Some discussionsas to clinical differentiation between renal cortical necrosis and acute tubular necrosis were done. Renal cortical necrosis shoud be suspected if thrombocytopenia, fibrinogenomia and elongation of prothrombin time were present at the onset of acute renal failure and fibrinolytic therapy should be performed before almost fatal intravascular coagulation take place.

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Clinico-pathological and angio-pathological studies have been performed in 53 autopsy cases of the renal cortical necrosis, fresh renal infarcts and renal glomerular thrombosis. A detailed investigation has been carried out on the causative factors of necrotic lesions and thrombotic lesions which are resulted from circulatory derangement, and the following results are obtained.
1) Renal cortical necrosis in 12 cases out of 53 cases are encountered and among them two cases are classified in supra-super acute variety. Extensive and bilateral occurrence of the lesions are of note-worthy. The entity is frequently observed in aged group and underlying. diseases, such as malignant neoplasms, leukemia and infectious infections are also noted.
2) Fresh renal infarcts are observed in 18 cases out of 53 cases. The entity is also frequ-ently seen in aged group, suffering from heart, brain and aortic diseases from cornary, cerebral and aortic arteriosclerosis. The lesions are also tend to be multi-focal and bilateral.
3) The renal gromerular thrombosis is seen in 23 cases out of 53 cases and appear to be increasing in frequency recently. The entity is frequently observed in cases of malignant neoplasms, and septicemia. It is of interesting to note that the occurrence of the thrombosis is frequently seen in mucin-producing adenocarcinoma in malignant epithelial tumors. The abnormality of the coagulation-fibrinolysis system is justified as most important contributory factor in causation of the fibrin thrombosis. In far extensive cases of thrombosis, the secondary ischemic changes are frequently observed in renal glomeruli, however, the author justifies that the latter change is not closely related with the causation of the renal infarction.
4) The clinical investigation reveals the correlative findings of azotemia, or positive urynalysis with the degree and extent of the necrotic or thrombotic lesions. Severe anemia or visceral hemorrhage which is commonly seen in the terminal stage and eventual lowering of blood pressure may be justified as main causative factor of these disease conditions.
5) The interrelationship between the therapeutic efforts and occurrence of the renal infarctions and glomerular thrombosis should awaits further clarification in future, however, complicated and intense modes of treatment may be closely related with the increasing incidences of these conditions.
6) No essential difference of the renal cortical necrosis and renal infarctions is observed from histo-pathological point of view. The difference exists only in the extent and degree of the morbid changes in both conditions.
7) Revalent to the arterial trees in the renal infarctions, the most striking thrombo-necrotic change is discernible in the vas afferens adjacent to the glomeruli. The attention should be paid on a fact that the arterial branches of the designated lesions are involved in acute and remarkable circulatory disturbance, representing the pretlirombotic lesions. Moreover, rectus arteries, capillary vessels distributing the interstitium of the urinary tubules and veins of rather larger sizes are involved in circulatory disturbance associated with thrombus formation. The above-mentioned observation may support a view that the circulatory derangement involving the venous system is also act as important contributory fact for causation of the conditions.
8) Based on the observation, it is appropriate to justify that the theoretical basis of the functional derangement of the designated distributing arteries which is clearly defined as the "Renal ischemia with failed reflow" by Sheehan and Davis will be applied for clarifying the pathogenesis of the renal cortical necrosis and infarction. Thus it is concluded that the conditions should be explained on this theoretical basis as applied to the similar lesions in brain and heart as described by other authors in our laboratories.

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When we discuss the problem of how to recognize the world around us, regional differences have a definite significance. On understanding of this problem is also of value in the case of reconstructing the spacial order by using the data of a small village. the purpose of this paper is to take up the case of a religious village. Hasuge of Kanagawa prefecture, Japan, and clarify the space construction formed by Hasuge villagers. In Edo era, Hasuge has been the village of shugenja, the practitioners of shugendo. Shugendo is a Japanese mountanious religion which took the form of a sect near the end of Heian era when Japan's ancient religious practices in the mountains had come under the influence of various foreign religions. Shugenja, the practitioners of shugendo, who retreat into the mountains where they practise various ascetic rites for a number of days, then they go back to the place where ordinary people are living, where they exhibit supernatural powers by making devinations, exorcisms and so on. The role of shugenja is to act as a mediating bridge between "this world" and "the other" through which their supernatural power may be transmitted. As the character of shugenja would implicate, they are supposed to be a group which live in liminal places ; the border of mountanious district and level land, the land at the edge of the water, the boundary with sacred taboo quality, etc. Hasuge, near Nakatsu river, is located on the edge of Tanzawa mountains and Nakatsu level land. This space construction helped make them the mediator between "sacred" and "profane". The present villagers in Hasuge are not shugenja, because sects of shugendo was prohibited by Meiji government in 1872. But, it seems to me that a continuity of their function still exists from the view point of the space construction. In order to make it clear, it is neccessary to classify the space in Hasuge village through the analysis of ethnographical data and historical documents. On the operational level, we divide the space construction in Hasuge village into two parts ; inner world and outer world, and, first, we'll illustrate the character of the inner world. The space of the inner world in old Hasuge village consisted of three areas. They are the following. 1) a religious area, tax free land 2) a reclaimed rice-field where villagers are responsible for the payment of taxes 3) a rice-field where commander-in-chiefs in Edo era made an offering toward shugenja Of the three areas, let us consider the "religious area" as being looked upon as the central part by villagers, and classify it into two areas ; a holy place and a settlement. Historical geographical documents writes that the holy place is located in a mountanious district, the western part, and the settlement is located in a valley, the eastern part. These locations and their designations retain their original connotations to the present-day. It may be noted that the implication of this orientation is important to the space construction. Villagers who live in Hasuge, have the idea that the western part is "sacred", but that the eastern part is "profane". By giving a detailed account of the space construction, we can discover a fundamental axis from southeast to northwest. Since the path that villagers climb up to worship the Hasuge shrine in a holy place, goes from southeast to northwest, and Mt. Hasuge is represented by a sacred snake that coiled up from the southeast to the northwest, villagers seem to believe that a point in the nothwest is superior to one in the southeast.

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