The purpose of this study is to clarify the reasons why the All Nippon Kyudo Federation （ANKF） attempted to participate in the archery events of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics with Kyudo.
　The addition of archery to the Olympic Games at the 53rd International Olympic Committee in September 1957 prompted the ANKF to seek participation in the Olympic Archery. The idea behind this was to make Kyudo a sport, “Sportification”, by participating in the Olympics. The term “Sportification” which was insisted by the ANKF included the meanings of “Athleticization” and “Popularization”.
　While the ANKF was aiming for Kyudo to participate in the Olympics, the decision that Tokyo hosts the 1964 Olympics increased the reasons for Kyudo’s participation in the Olympics. This was because, among some related parties, Kyudo’s participation was perceived as if it were the first Budo to be adopted as an Olympic event, and it was thought that the ANKF’s organizational strength would be demonstrated to the outside through its management of the archery event at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.
　As it was widely recognized among Kyudo archers that accuracy of Kyudo was inferior to that of Archery from the very beginning of the announcement of participation in the Olympics, it was considered unavoidable to modify traditional equipment and shooting methods in order to win. The competition rule in Kyudo was also changed. Underlying this was the idea that Kyudo was superior to Archery and therefore could be won with ingenuity and modification. However, when it eventually became clear that it would be difficult to beat Archery with Kyudo, it was thought that the best Japanese Kyudo archers could be converted to Archery, and that by having such Japanese archers and Kyudo archers together in the Olympics, it was believed that the excellence of Kyudo can be showcased to the world.

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This study was performed to clarify the issue of Japan’s participation in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Indonesia in 1963. Indonesia, which was officially banned by the International Olympic Committee from participating in the Olympic games due to its rejection of Taiwanese and Israeli participation in the 4th Asian Games in 1962, launched GANEFO as an alternative international sporting competition. Despite the fact that Indonesia invited Japan to GANEFO, the invitation was sent to neither the Japan Amateur Sports Association (JASA) nor the Japan Olympic Committee, but instead to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). This was because GANEFO was, by nature, inseparable from Indonesian national policy, and Indonesia suggested that Japan participate in the newly launched competition as a political request. The MFA preferred to avoid political intervention in sport and left the decision to JASA. However, the cabinet of Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda tried to address GANEFO’s request in view of the relationship between Japan and Indonesia that existed in those days and the upcoming meeting between Prime Minister Ikeda and President Sukarno. In principle, Ikeda’s cabinet needed to refrain from intervening in GANEFO (as it was a matter of sport), but in practice it was unavoidable for the cabinet to deal with GANEFO’s request because of the highly political nature of the issue.

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オリンピズムは近代オリンピックの復活を提唱したクーベルタンの造語である。造語は1962年の大島邦訳書『ピエール ド クベルタン オリンピックの回想』によれば「オリンピック主義」と直訳されている。他方で2015年版の『オリンピック憲章』は今日的なオ リンピズムの解釈として二つの基本的な指標を提示している。ひとつは「肉体と意志と精神」のすべてにおいてバランスのよい結合を目ざす「生き方の哲学」であって、他は「スポーツを文化と教育へ融合させる」ために「生き方の創造」を探求するものである。ところで1936年のクーベルタンは「私のオリンピズムは、まだ、任務の半分を象徴しているのにすぎない」と書き遺している。本稿では、クーベルタンのその最後の希望に焦点を当てて、 またジャーナリストとしての大島鎌吉が関与してきた日本におけるオリンピック運動を点検することにおいて、オリンピック運動の理念「オリンピズム」における核心的な課題について検討してみる。

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