The purpose of this article is to clarify the way of symbiosis between a city and a manufacturing company, based on a case study of Kasugai city, Aichi Prefecture and Oji Paper Co., Ltd.By focusing on changes that occur in ‘administration, inhabitants and company’ relationships, I can grasp the transformation in a local area as a shift from unitary management by a local government to local governance which is based on a gentle network of diverse subjects. Actually such local governance can be realized only after its accountability is established publicly.This article examines i) disclosures of environmental issues for public participation, and ii) monitoring & evaluation functions as a feedback for environmental information.I argue that accountability is the key concept of public disclosure and monitoring & evaluation of information. Through an analysis of three examples;pollution resolution process of a paper mill, transformation of a neighborhood protest movement, and present conditions of a PRTR system, It is argued that accountability is a basis for a symbiotic relationship between a city and a private corporation, and that, then, the relationship is shifting from a vertical one to a more horizontal one.

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This paper examines fertilizer material circulation through the analysis of fertilization technology in everyday life and presents some insights into its usage in different parts of society. With the advent of the modern era, rapid modernization, and population explosion, night soil usage and human waste treatment facilities exist side by side. The circulation of fertilizer from farm villages to urban areas and back to farm villages was accomplished in four phases. In the first phase, in 1900, the government began to participate in the treatment of human waste. As a result of this, farmers could no longer get free night soil. However, farmers continued to restore night soil to agricultural land. In the second phase, the city of Nagoya began to process human waste into ammonium sulfate because of the city’s expansion and innovations in chemical fertilizer processing plants. But, as this business did not produce a profit, the plant was closed because of the noxious odors it produced. However, there was an increasing demand for night soil in order to recover its nutrients to produce fertilizer for year-round vegetable cultivation. Also, advances in technology, storage, and human waste fertilization were made possible by vast scientific improvements. In 1921, with the third phase, Nagoya again started to treat human waste. No longer did the human waste market lose value because of the increase in population and the resultant surplus of human waste. On the other hand, in farm villages, utilization of night soil reduced the amount of money expended for agricultural fertilizer expenses. It stabilized the farmers’ economy. Nagoya, in the 1930s, again tried to build a sewage treatment plant. However, because of the financial panic, the demand for a self-supplied fertilizer increased again, and the sewage treatment plant ran into difficulties. So, the use of night soil in farming areas was reestablished and the process came full circle.

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