Japanese newspaper embarked on an all-out campaign against atomic bombs in the imediate postbombing time. Hiroshima City started peace memorial ceremony in August 1947. This was the peace movement based on experiences of the A-bombings. Anti-nuclear movement based on experiences of the A-bombings started in 1949. While these movement took the lead, they were not durable. The casualities resulting from the 1954 Bikini hydrogen bomb test provided the stimulus for evolution of a nationwide movement. The World Conference against A- and H-Bombs was backed by this movement. Fixation of this Conference as traditional ceremony caused anti-nuclear movement durable.
Anti-nuclear movement in Japan was led mainly by socialist groups before 1953. But since 1954, that was led by all political parties and various classes. From the latter half of the 1960s, Hiroshima City and mass media were concerned in various matters of the A-bomb disaster. Hiroshima City established the special field called ‘Peace Administration, ’ and mass media established ‘anti-A-bomb campaign.’
The movements against U. S. military bases, against the revision of the Japan-U. S. Security Treaty in 1960, for the return of Okinawa, against the war in Vietnam were the leading mass struggles related the problem of dismarmament in postwar Japan. Anti-nuclear movement strongly joined hands with these movements. This joint maintained the life of the Anti-nuclear movement, but that caused the split of the anti-nuclear movement into three competing movements. The anti-nuclear movement was gradually splitted and tied to the rival political parties. The splitted movement was unified by narrowing the problem of the anti-nuclear movement down to anti-nuclear and relief for A-bomb victims.
There are arguments for and against preserving A-bomb documents and informing about the facts of A-bomb damages between A-bomb victims or citizens. Japanese anti-nuclear movement located these one of important driving force and informed repeadly the facts of A-bomb damages. From the latter half of the 1960s, people who remarked the universal meaning of the facts and experiences of A-bomb damages, ascertained and informed these facts as movements different from anti-nuclear movement. As a result of these efforts, the experiences of A-bomb victims gradually become the national experiences.
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