This report presents the results of a study conducted in the lJmama town, in the Yamada-gun, in Gunma Prefecture. The study, which centered on the Gion Festival held in )mama, placed particular emphasis on the special characteristics of the folk music found there, as manifested in the percussion ensembles. Omama has long been prosperous as an important trade center, and the Gion Festival held there is in honor of the local market dieties, who are enshrined in the Yasaka Shrine. The festival is held each year during the first three days of August, with manyv isitors from neighboringa reas comingt o watch and enjoy the lively atmosphere. As part of the celebration, six stage wagons ( dashi), one from each district of the town, are wheeled through the s treets, each bearing an ensemble of festival musicians. This report deals with the performance practices of the percussionists in these ensembles. The main points are outlined below.
1 Concerning music for the taiko drums, several patterned sequences were identifiedi, n cluding Santeko, Kiri, Tama, Hirabayashi, N imba and Amadare.T hese patterns are executed by four children playing small taiko drums and one adult playing a large taiko drum. Each of these patterns may also be played in combination with a flute (fue) and small hand gong (kane).
2 Variations in performance practice can be seen from district to district for most of the patterns, although the Santeko pattern is an exception, and is performed in exactly the same way in all six districts.
3 Comparison of these variations reveals that the patterns in the fifth district are relatively complex, and seem to have a closer link to older traditional styles, while patterns in the fourth district are somewhat simplified and abbreviated.
4 When considering the reasons why such variations evolved, importance must be attributed to the social structure of the Gin Festival itself, with each district virtually autonomous and each performance ensemble carrying on its tradition from generation to generation in an independent manner. The handing down of the performance tradition, and the training and cultivation of new musicians, are the responsibility of each individual district, and it is therefore not surprising that variations in performance practice arise.

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The three layers of tephra that erupted from Haruna (_??__??_) volcano and Asama (_??__??_) volcano covered most of the rice fields in the district of Gunma in the Kofun period (from 4c to 6c A. D.). So considerable damage might have been done to the society of that time. The writer of this report wants to make clear what measures the rulers managed to take against these volcanic disasters. We have no historical records of the volcanic activities in Japan prior to the Kofun Period because of the lack of written records. But we can determine the time or the season of tephra effusions by archaeological means, mostly typological methods of analyzing pottery from the horizons both above and below each of the three tephra layers.
The time and the season of tephra effusions that the writer has conclusively identified are as follows.
1) The tephra in the lowest horizon (Asama C pumice: As-C) had erupted in the late autumn of the middle of the 4c A. D. from Asama volcano; footmarks of cultivaters or planters on the muddy paddy fields and morphologic plans of the rice fields remaining just below each of the three tephra layers prove this.
2) The tephra in the middle horizon (Haruna Futatsudake (_??__??__??_ )ash: Hr-FA) erupted in the early summer of the beginning of 6c A. D. from Haruna volcano.
3) The tephra in the uppermost horizon (Haruna Futatsudake pumice: Hr-FP) erupted in the early summer of the middle of 6c A. D. At Dodo (_??__??_) Site in Gunma Pref., we found four horizons of rice fields just below the tephra layers; three horizons were proved to be in the Kofun Period; quite the same rectangular divisions of rice field were found from the horizons both above and below each of the three tephra layers.
This fact shows that the rice fields had never been abandoned since then but were cultivated further on the tephra layers. The writer thinks that the rulers of that time forced the people to restore the rice fields injured in the volcanic disasters, immediately after the effusion, in order to keep their systems of control or maintain their bases of food production.

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シカの高密度化による植生への影響は，生態系機能や他の分類群への影響より早い段階から発生しやすいため，地域スケールで植物相を保全するには，影響が軽微な段階から予防的な対策を行うことが望ましい。保全に費やせる社会的資源が有限ななかで予防的な対策を行うには，地域の植物相を維持するうえで重要な場所を特定し，その優先順位を計画に盛り込む必要がある。本研究では秩父多摩甲斐国立公園において198 地点の植生調査資料をもとに，出現種を「シカ高密度地域での減少種／その他」「RDB 掲載種／非掲載種」の組み合わせから「減少種・RDB 掲載種(A) 」「減少種・RDB 非掲載種(B)」「その他・RDB 掲載種(C)」「その他・RDB 非掲載種(D) 」に区分し，各グループの総種数に対する占有率とシカの相対密度指標の関係を検討した。グループB はシカの相対密度指標の増大とともに減少したのに対し，グループD の種は増加した。また，グループC は相対密度指標の増大に対し一山型の応答を示した。群落型ごとの比較からグループA・B の占有率が高い亜高山帯～ 山地帯の草原や広葉高茎草本型のブナ林，シオジ林の保全危急性が最も高いと考えられた。

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