Objective : This article aims to discuss the fundamental knowledge of cancer genomics, the significance of cancer genomic testing, and the current issues associated with it. The focus has been on the evolution and implementation of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) tests in clinical practice for spinal tumors since their insurance coverage in Japan.
Methods : The development and implementation of various CGP tests were reviewed, including FoundationOne® CDx, OncoGuideTM NCC Oncopanel, FoundationOne® Liquid CDx, Guardant 360® CDx, and GenMine TOP. These tests were classified based on their nucleic acid resources : tumor-only samples, tumor and peripheral blood samples, and peripheral blood-only samples. The procedures and considerations for sample collection, handling, and submission for genomic testing are detailed.
Results : Since insurance coverage for CGP tests began in 2019, approximately 76,000 patients have utilized these tests by the end of April 2024. The introduction of liquid biopsy tests, such as FoundationOne® Liquid CDx and Guardant 360® CDx, has expanded the scope of genomic testing, making it less invasive for patients. However, liquid biopsies are currently less effective in detecting genetic abnormalities in brain and spinal tumors. The potential of these tests to guide targeted therapies, especially for rare spinal tumors and pediatric cancers, was explored.
Conclusion : Cancer genomic profiling has become integral to personalized cancer treatment strategies, allowing the identification of actionable genetic mutations. Collaboration with expert panels is essential for interpreting the test results and recommending suitable treatments or clinical trial participation. Although the current likelihood of accessing effective treatments through CGP tests is relatively low, the accumulation of genomic data will aid the development of new treatments for rare cancers, including spinal tumors.
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