This paper discusses the management and maintenance of an urban center in early medieval Japan (twelfth and thirteenth centuries), with particular reference to the drainage system in Kamakura, the political center of Japan between 1180 and 1333. As population of Kamakura grew in the thirteenth century, residents had to spread into alluvial lowland, which later became an important area for the shogunate. In the process, a well-planned drainage system was adopted, which is evident at numerous archaeological sites in present-day Kamakura City. Nonetheless, the Azumakagami, a chronicle of the Kamakura shogunate, records that many floods hit Kamakura. It has become apparent archaeologically that well-constructed drainage ditches filled up with garbage, pottery sherds, and animal bones. Historically, the Kamakura shogunate issued a decree in 1261 prohibiting the discarding of "sick people, orphans, dead bodies, as well as the carcasses of oxen, cows, and horses on and along the streets." All these indicate that the drainage system in Kamakura was not well maintained and managed by the shogunate, and it may be supposed that this poor maintenance contributed to the floods that destroyed houses and districts, as recorded in the Azumakagami. One reason why the government did not prevent people from discarding garbage in the drainage ditches may be the belief shared by the shogunate and residents of Kamakura in the power of water to wash away impurities.

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Of the housings designed for Hojo during Kamakura era, history of two types of housings are studyed. These two residences were at the west of Okurra residence. The west residence of it became a housing called Akahashi and it was inherited from Nagatoki to Yoshimasa, then to Naritoki, Akitoki, Hisatoki and Moritoki of Hojo. The east residence of it became a housing called Nishi and it was inherited from Masamura to Munemasa, Akitoki and Morotoki of Hojo.

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Of the housings designed for Hojo during Kamakura era, history of two types of housings are studyed. They are located facing each other in the upper edge of Komachi-Street. In the east side of the street a housing called Okura is located and it was found that the house was inherited from Yoshitoki to Tokifusa, then to Tokimune, Sadatoki and Takatoki of Hojo. In the west, a house called Komachi is located and it was inherited from Yoshitoki to Yasutoki, Tsunetoki, Shigetoki, Nagatoki and Masamura of Hojo.

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Japan's early medieval period experience a broadening of society of fortress (tachi 館) and after the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu, its headquarters went through a gradual process of urbanization. The aim of the present paper is to trace this transformation process by examining the residences and temples of the Hojo 北条 family locatdd on the Izu peninsula, its fief, and in the city of Kamakura proper. From information contained in records concerning Ganjoju-in tenple in Izu and archaeological surveys conducted in the town of Nirayama, we find that the Hojo family left Izu around the middle of the thirteenth century, no doubt with the aim to establish itself in Kamakura. After the Hojo's move to Kamakura, Hojo-Tokimasa 時政 built a residence in the neighborhood of Nagoe 名越, while Hojo-Yoshitoki 義時 took up residence in Okura 大倉. At that time it was necessary for Hojo family residences to be located near the shogun's palace, so Hojo-Yasutoki 泰時 decided to move the palace close to his residence in Komachi 小町. However, during the regency of Tokiyori 時頼, the Hojo family residence had no locational connection to the shogun's palace at all. Tokiyori's residence continued to serve as the regent's home for a long time after, and became known as "Shikken-Tei" (the regent's house), but was later occupied by the head (tokuso 得宗) of the Hojo family, not the regent. This transformation in Hojo family residential patterns closely reflects the political history of the family, which began in the role of close advisors to the shogun, changing to governance via the regency, and finally becoming the bakufu's ruling samurai family. The fact that the "Shikken-Tei" was surrounded by lodgings for samurai and the residences of commoners strikes a clear contrast to Minamoto-no-Yoritomo's Palace, which was built in the tradition of a fortress (tachi 館). In addition, the fact that the Hojo family possessed a villa in Yamanouchi 山内 with a chapel to enshrine a statue of Buddha (jibutsu-do 持佛堂) may have set the style for Muromachi era Kamakura, which was characterized by the construction of samurai residences and temples in the suburbs. And if this is so, we should include this feature to the important elements that made up the formation of Kamakura as a medieval Japanese city. Furthermore, by gaining Control over temples located on the periphery, the Hojo family established Kamakura's city limits and its sphere of urban activity. The author concludes that the Hojo family's move from Izu into Kamakura represents the transformation that took place within medieval society from fortress to town.

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In this (3), which is to follow the previous parts (1) and (2), the formation of urban space "Machi", which was to become an unique space of Japanese cities, is discussed. The "Machi", a loose municipal community, seems to have deen established in late Muromachi period also as a closed urban space which enabled each "Machi" to resist land lords and powers. Considering such demand of "Machi" and inhabitants, centralized powers of Hideyoshi set Kyoto free from feudal lords. It resulted remarkable development of "Machi" and "Machiya" (houses for inhabitants of Machi), but at the same time they have been organized in strict system of the city administration by the centralized powers. At the end of this study, Kamakura which was another important city in middle age of Japan is argued in comparison with Kyoto.

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This paper deals with the comprehensive TDM plan proposed in Kamakura city, where the concentration of passenger can in the historical area results in serious traffic congestion on every holiday. This plan includes road Pricing, Park and Ride as well as the improvement of public transportation and traffic calming measures. Authors have estimated the traffic demand based upon the binary logit model when Park and Ride and/or Road Pricing was introduced in the area, then analyzed the congestion rate of each link of the street network by using the time-based traffic assignment model. As a result of these analysis, it was made clear that Road Pricing together with Park and Ride would be effective for reducing the traffic congestion in the area.

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