コロナの時代を迎えて、文学史はいかに読み替えられるだろうか。そして、コロナを受容した文学のみならず、これまでの文学史的古典のうちに何らかの人文学的処方箋を見いだすことは可能だろうか。本論考では、1973年、全世界がオイルショックに見舞われた時代に発表された遠藤周作の二重小説『死海のほとり』を読み直し、スーザン・ソンタグの言う「隠喩としての病」やリチャード・ホフスタッターの言う「陰謀妄想（パラノイド・スタイル）」がいかに現在も、それこそ病のごとく世界に蔓延しているかを検討する。そして、最終的に、日本を代表するSF作家・小松左京が1964年に発表したパニック小説『復活の日』と1980年に深作欣二監督が完成させたその映画版、さらには小松＝深作のヴィジョンに取り憑かれたドミニカ系アメリカ人作家ジュノ・ディアスの『オスカー・ワオの短く凄まじい人生』（2007年）を再評価することで、病が潜在的に孕む逆説的意義を確認する。

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As an attempt at demonstrative and historical research on the recipients of advertising, this paper analyzes the remarks of those (general readers of a newspaper) who took part in a round-table talk on advertisements for the"Searching Section"of Kokoku Geppo (an advertising monthly report edited and published by the Advertising Division, Asahi Shimbun-sha). The three reasons why this"Searching Section"was selected as the subject of the study is that the opinions of the participants in the round-table talk before newspaper advertisements are recorded with only few modifications. Furthermore, the selection of the participants was made on a random sampling basis. Thirdly, the section has been in existence since the mid-1960s in almost the same form. The findings of the analysis are: ・As advertising has become an everyday affair during the period from covering the 1960s and 70s advertisements became a given, or thing that existed as a prior condition in everyday life, to recipients of them. Advertisements developed into something with the recipients had not been prepared. ・Next, the recipients' attitude to advertising shifted from the stage where they, as consumers, confronted the advertisers in the relation of"sellers and buyers, "to the stage where they, from the viewpoint of enjoyers and critics, exposed themselves to advertisements as a kind of entertainment. ・Then, advertisements as entertainment went through the period of"a boom in the creative aspects of advertisement"when advertisements competed with each other in workmanship. The interest of the recipients become a factor in the advertisers' marketing and advertising strategy. Advertisers has responded to, or rather accelerated, these changes in the recipients' attitude toward advertising. The social background of these changes was that there was a sharp increase in information-oriented and knowledgeable recipients. In other words, it seems that there were changes in merchandise, enhancing the presence of advertiser's influence, and changes in the concept of the recipients' self and what"everyday life"is. What underlies such changes in the remarks of the participants in the round-table talk for the "Searching section"is a shift in the recipients' viewpoint on advertisements - a change from the viewpoint of consumers to that of enjoyers, finally to that of marketers, as if they were advertisers. The causes and results of this shift have brought about the present situation that advertising and advertisers have become ubiquitous, that the co-presence of"advertisers and recipients"has expanded and become an everyday affair, and that it has become normal for people to be recipients of advertisements.

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In the time of COVID-19, we become more sensitive to the signifier of “masque” as represented by the works of major American Renaissance writers such as: Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Masque of the Red Death”(1842), Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “Howe’s Masquerade”(1838) and Herman Melville’s The Confidence Man: His Masquerade(1857). Although these texts do not refer to actual pestilences prevalent in the Antebellum period, they cannot help but remind us of the contagious history of smallpox, yellow fever and Cholera from the 17^th century through the mid-19^th century. To put it another way, it is contagion that keeps empowering itself through its catachrestic signification.

From this perspective, this paper attempts to reveal how American history has revolutionized the discourse of illness by examining texts from the colonial era through the postmodern age. The first chapter discusses Thomas Harriot’s A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia(1588), which considers plagues like smallpox as the “invisible bullets” and endorses the idea that “God protects his chosen people by killing off untrustworthy Indians”(Stephen Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations, 36). By the same token, however, it is also true that despite his orthodox religious faith, Harriot was rumored to be atheist, simply because he was a typical Renaissance man equipped with the proto-modern but miraculously encyclopedic knowledge of mathematics, cartography, optics, and navigational science. As Christopher Marlowe pointed out, Harriot followed In the footsteps of Moses as a juggler. Therefore, the second chapter argues that Ishmael Reed’s postmodern metafiction Mumbo Jumbo(1971), which features an imaginary anti-plague “Jes Grew” and redefines Moses not only as a sorcerer but also as the prophet of Voodoo Jazz, could well be interpreted as an African American critique of European logocentric colonialism.

The third chapter examines Charles Brockden Brown’s Arthur Mervyn or, Memoirs of the Year 1793(1799–1800), the archetype of American pandemic fiction featuring the yellow fever that conquered Philadelphia in 1793. What with John Edgar Wideman’s postmodern novel like Philadelphia Fire(1990) and what with Samuel Otter’s comprehensive study Philadelphia Stories(2010), Arthur Mervyn is reconfigured now as a postcolonial Gothic Romance ending up with an interracial marriage between the Scottish American protagonist and the Jewish Portuguese woman Achsa Fielding described as “unsightly as a night-hag, tawney as a Moor, the eye of a gypsey”(Arthur Mervyn, 230).

The fourth chapter starts with a reading of Sakyo Komatsu’s pandemic novel Virus: The Day of Resurrection(1964), which dramatizes the way a deadly bioweapon, MM-88, based on microbes collected by satellites in outer space in 1963 and 1964, paves the way for not only a world-wide epidemic initially known as the “Tibetan Flu” but also the total nuclear war. This novel gave transpacific impacts upon the post-apocalyptic imagination of Michael Crichton’s The Andromeda Strain(1969) and Junot Diaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao(2007), the hero of which, characterized as a typical nerd, convinces us of the rhetorical distinction between xenophobia and xenophilia at stake in the time of pandemic.

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