This article tries to clarify the actual condition of "the adjustment of an annual revenue" (1904-1910) which was a principal factor of so called Kan-koku-Zaisei-Seiri, and the reforms of the tax collection system are to be chiefly considered in the process of elucidating both the policy which secures land taxes, an important element of the annual revenue, and the historic significance of the policy. Japan began to reform the Korean tax collection system when Tanetaro Megat took the post of Kankoku-Zaisei-Komon in 1904. In the reform in 1950 Japan entrusted the office work of state treasury to Dai-ichi Bank, retaining the privilege of tax collection in the past and grasped the taxes that Gunshu had been sending to Takushibu till then. And at the moment Japan took a policy to opress by arms the resistance of the country governmentOfficials of Korea under the close watch over the tax collection. In order to improve the excessive feudal exploitation Japan strengthened the privilege of tax collection of Gunshu and limited the various feudal taxes mainly to land taxes and house taxes, and moreover by removing the arbitrary feudal exploitation Japan planed to secure the tax income for the benefit of the state finance. Consequently partial reform of the way of tax collection was achieved, though the old organ of tax collection was maintained. A local riot which broke out in Sannan district at the beginning of 1906pushed the former reform up to another stage. Gunshu strengthened the exploitation in peasants by making use of the adjustment of Yosen under Kahei-Seiri-Jigyo, and as the result of it an anti-feudalism struggle rose, and it grew powerful enough to raise more active Gihei Agitation, a big movement of the people. The organ of tax collection was reformed in 1906 as the drastic measures of controlling the riot, and this reform placed the landlord class to be a mew ruling class in the agricultural district and at the same time to form the social basis of governing the colony was attempted: Chihoiinkai which was set up in 1907 proved such an attempt. Thus the nature of the class feudal exploitation under the collection system changed itself into that of imperialistic-feudal exploitation. In consequence of the reform in 1908 Kansatsushi was removed from the organ of tax collection, and finally Japan accomplished holding the organ of tax collection in Korea.

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This paper summarizes the development process of the organizational framework of the architectural bureau in Korea under Japanese rule. Particular attention is paid to the expansion of the organization through the revision of the government system. In addition, the paper introduces the draft of the government system contained in the Megata documents, and confirms that the draft by the Japanese was implemented almost faithfully. It should be noted that the official capacity and the actual number of enrollments didn’t necessarily coincide, and it was confirmed that the number of employees was much higher than the capacity after 1908 or 1909.

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本研究は、京城市区改正と朝鮮神宮の関係について、官庁街と神社が補完関係にあり、植民地都市の基軸となる目抜き通りが両地区を結ぶように意識的に整備された、とする主張を検証した。街路や主要施設の建設経緯の分析を通して「都市軸」形成が体系的マスタープランに基づくと考えがたいことを示し、さらに鎮座地決定の時点では「都市軸」と参宮道路は接続されていないことを証明した。本研究では、京城で官庁施設と神社を結ぶ都市軸が意識的に整備されたとする主張は、植民地都市計画に対する過大評価の一種とする結論を得た。

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This paper deals with the subject which will clarify the realities of the expansion of the Japanese regular lines in East Asian Sea area from the late 19th century, particularly after the Russo-Japanese War, and trace how the international traffic system which founded the base for the advance into Asia during the period forming the Japanese Imperialism was formed. The period after the Russo-Japanese War marked a very important epoch, for the Japanese shipping business achieved the independence which otherwise would have been directly under the threat of international strife in the circumstances of the imperialist world. It became manifest in two phases ; one, strengthening the international competitive ability by improving the ship-quality in the ocean lines based on the native ship-building industry (v., separate article) : two, forming the East Asian traffic system which combined the near-seas routes, the colonial and the home railways. The regular routes in the near-seas were opened with a great subscription corresponding to the Japanese foreign advance policy after the Sino-Japanese War. But these routes had not been united and scarecely related each other. Then after the Russo-Japanese War, while each route was expanded and unified, together with harbor improvements and railway constructions, they formed a new traffic system. Firstly, in Taiwan (台湾), the Japan and China routes were repleted by the companies heading Osaka Shosen Kaisha (大阪商船) which drove away British steamers and Chinese junks from China-Taiwan route, then completed a new traffic system the improving Jilong (基隆) and Gaoxiong (高雄) harbors and constructing railways running through the island. And in Korean Peninsula, Chosen Yusen (朝鮮郵船) established in 1912 improved the coastal service. Also the railway system connecting with home railways and South Manchuria Railway (南満州鉄道) was constructed, and Pusan (釜山) and Inchon (仁川) harbors were improved, so the traffic system extending over all peninsula was formed. In the result the reformation of the goods circulation was accelerated and the colonization of these areas, that is their subordination to the Japanese national economical circle, was promoted. Secondary, in Mainland China, in the Yangtze valley (長江流域), Nisshin Kisen (日清汽船), affiliation of four Japanese companies, was established in 1907, and strengthened their international competitive abilities and extended their power widely. Also in "Manchuria (満州)", both Dalian (大連) and Vladivostok routes were opened and each was connected with South Manchuria Railway or East China Railway (東清鉄道) and formed advance routes from both directions. Thus the transporting base for Japanese advance into China in main and sub axes was strengthened and the invasion into the continent was accerelated. Thirdly, these traffic system using Jilong and Shanghai (上海) as their jointing points was connected to the ocean lines. Then the international traffic and communication with Siberia Railways was actualized and it joined to the Conference of International communication via Siberia in 1910, so it was joined to Europe by land. Therefore it was joined in the global network of transportation. Thus, East Asian traffic system was founded in the early 1910s. This supplied the bases for Japan to put forward its colonialism and the advance into the Continent, as the result of the victory in the Russo-Japanese War, and assured the road towards the last Imperialism.

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In 1910, Japan annexed Korea. As a cultural policy, the Government-General of Korea accomplished the investigation activities of "Cultural Properties" including historical buildings in Korean peninsula. Preservation rule of relics and objects is established in 1916, and law for the protection of treasures, historic sites, places of scenic beauty and natural monuments is established in 1933. And they started the repair of the historic buildings from 1913. This paper considers: 1) investigation and preservation systems, 2) administrative systems 3) repair activities.

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After 1880s the Meiji Government began striving to establish its bureaucratic machinery corresponding to the new Diet system to be set up; and consequently, the Imperial University as a prime educator of future high level civil servants was founded in addition to a recruitment system. This paper attempts to clarify how that recruitment system, in particular how judicial officers and administrative officers were recruited, was instituted during the 1880s and 1890s. Special attention is paid to government grants provided by the Ministry of Law to several private law schools and also to students studying under the Faculty of Law at the Imperial University. Through an analysis of the character of these government grants and the intentions of the Ministry of Law in granting them, the author traces the development process involving the judicial recruitment system. It can be said that the system was firmly established in 1891 with the determination of "Regulations Concerning Judicial and Procuratorial Appointment Examinations". During the preceding three years, the higher civil service examinations for judicial officer candidates, which began in 1888, were conducted rigorously by the Examinations Board; and in those examinations the abovementioned two types of government grants proved to play an important part in securing a certain amount of promising judicial officers. However, as the importance of teaching law in foreign languages declined as the result of the enactment of a series of new laws, private law schools where legal education was given in Japanese began to rise in importance. Concurrently, the government grants paid to private law schools to enable law education in foreign languages came to lose its meaning. Scholarships paid to judicial trainees were also reduced, and access to the government grants for law students was suspended in anticipation of a newly established recruiting system of judicial officers. Thereafter, promising graduates of the Imperial University's Faculty of Law began to aspire to administrative posts rather than judicial. Thus, a kind of dual recruiting structure appeared in the high level civil service, in which many administrative officers were recruited from the Imperial University, while more than half of judicial officers were recruited from private law schools.

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The aim of the present article is to reexamine Japan's policy regarding international investment loans to China made during the premiership of Terauchi Masatake (1916-18), by focusing the analysis on the approach proposed by Finance Minister Shoda Kazue and the relationship between the Terauchi Cabinet and the China investment consortium. The research to date has tended to focus attention on the aspect of the imperialistic international financial aspect of the eight loans totalling 145 million yen lent to the Duan Qirui (段祺端) government through Terauchi's personal secretary Nishihara Kamezo, the united front put up by Terauchi, Shoda and Nishihara, known as the "Korean Group" (朝鮮組), and the role played by the "unofficial" Sino-Japanese network formed by Nishihara. In particular, the work focusing on the historical development of Japanese capitalism has pointed to the Nishihara loans as the event marking a transition from a unified Korean-Manchurian monetary policy to the formation of a Japan-Manchuria-China monetary bloc (the gold-backed yen bloc), but has yet to 1) sufficiently analyze Shoda's specific ideas regarding investment loans to China and 2) place the funds earmarked to finance the second wave of Chinese political reforms within the Terauchi Cabinet's overall investment loan policy. The author's reexamination brings to light three new facts. First, while emphasizing the "unification of Korean-Manchurian monetary affairs", Shoda also promoted a policy of investment lending on the "Chine proper" involving not only existing institutions there, but also the founding of a new Japan-China joint venture bank. Secondly, the large scale loans that the Terauchi Cabinet began granting beginning in March 1918 should be considered as part of a two-pronged policy for regulating domestic specie combined with strengthening and expanding Japanese interests in Manchuria, Mongolia and the Shandong Peninsula. Finally, Shoda was by no means critical of China's August 1918 gold certificate regulations promoted by Nishihara; however, he was not enthusiastic about the necessity of having to export domestic specie. The author also identifies differences in the policy approaches taken by Shoda and Nishihara. Nishihara's refusal to recognize a Chinese fiscal management mechanism based on the international investment consortium in favor of a Chinese government enjoying "amicable relations with Japan" contrasted with Shoda's official position as Finance Minister emphasizing the necessity of "Sino-Japanese friendship" in combination with "US-Japanese cooperation". Because Shoda believed in the existence of investment loan contracts that would not contradict "US-Japanese cooperation", the contracts concluded during its administration were bound to follow the precedents set by the preceding Hara Takashi Cabinet. Consequently, Shoda Kazue's policy approach can be characterized as aiming at 1) the unification of Korean-Manchurian monetary affairs, 2) solving domestic Japanese economic issues and 3) strengthening and expanding Japanese interests in Manchuria, Mongolia and Shandong, all based on the assumption that economic cooperation with China was critical to the development of Japan's post-World War I economy. The "Korean Group" notwithstanding, the author argues, there were significant differences among its members regarding what was to be done concerning the "Chine proper".

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