我が国の城下町都市では、道路の正面に山の頂が位置している眺望が多く見られる。しかし、目視で確認されているこうした現象が、意図を持った計画や手法であったことは証明されていない。そこで本研究は、山形県鶴岡市を対象に、GISを用いた精密な計測方法を構築して、その実態を数値データを用いて解析したものである。また、日本及び東アジアの国々おいて用いられているこうした山当ての手法・現象は、山や周囲の自然に対する敬意あるいは信仰とも結びつき、自然と一体となった文化の在り方や生態学的秩序と密接に関連する都市建設の方法論の象徴的なものであるとの著者らの仮説が基本にあり、本研究はそれに対する若干の論拠としたいとの意図がある。鶴岡市における18の道路中心ラインを分析した結果、それらは旧街道や堀割などの都市骨格を形成する道路等で多くみられ、目視によって感覚的に捉えられていた「道路の正面に見える山頂」は、道路中心ラインから0.1-2.7°の範囲に存在することを確認した。

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本研究の目的は、山形県鶴岡市を対象として、城下域の取排水系統や、水路網の取水・分水・集水地点などの伝統的水系構造を解明し、景観構成との関係を明らかにすることである。本研究は以下の手順で行う。第一に、城下絵図や明治地籍絵図、現代の地番図などの地図資料の比較を基にArcGISを用いて藩政期における城下域の流路を復元する。第二に、微地形の分析や地図史料を用いて流水方向を特定し、地区ごとに記述する。第三に、各地区の記述に基づき、城下域全体の取排水系統を把握する。また、各系統が配水する地域における土地利用の特徴を考察する。第四に、城下域全体の取排水系統における、取水・分水・集水地点を特定し、各地点に確認される水路形態の特徴を把握する。第五に、水系上に確認される山当て景観と借景の分布実態を把握し、取排水系統の違いによる分布の差異や、取水・分水・集水地点との位置的関係を分析する。

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We can find records about more than 20 local market towns in the Chosokabe's Cadastre Books which were based on the land surveying in Tosa (now Kochi Prefecture) at the end of the 16th century. This is a case study of one of them, Hirooka Market Town.
According to the Chosokabe's Cadastre Books, Hirooka Market Town was composed of 51 market premises and their total area was 26, 886m². When we examine the order of arrangement in which these market premises were registered in the cadastre book, we can imagine that the ground plan of this town was a linear one along the north-south route with 27 premises on the east side and 24 on the west and that there was Ebisudo shrine or a patron saint of the market at the center of the west side and the premise of the offlcer of this town at the southern adjacent site to it (Fig. 1). Handicraftsmen and middle or low class retainers were registered as holders of these market premises in the cadastre book.
Hirooka Market Town was located in the western part of Hirooka Plain, about 10km. south-west of Kochi City. When we investigate the cadastre maps of this area which were made in 1876 (eastern part) and in 1885 (western part), we can find a small section of land called Ichi-yashiki meaning market premises (Fig. 2). Although the cadastre maps picture few premises there, we can find a small strip pattern of land division along north-south route, part of the major routeway across the western part of Hirooka Plain and the small section called Ichi-yashiki is sited in the southern part of this small strip pattern (Fig. 4). Comparing this small strip pattern with the market premises of Hirooka Market Town registered in the Chosokabe's Cadastre Book, it becomes clear that this small strip pattern followed the ground plan of Hirooka Market Town. Thus the row of premises on the street was about 200 kens (360m) in total length and each premise standardized at every block was 15∼24.2 kens (27.3∼44.0m.) long and 4∼22 kens (7.3∼40.0m.) wide, most frequently 5∼7 kens (9.0∼12.7m.).
Hirooka Market Town was constructed in the middle of the 16th century as a central place of Hirooka Plain and also as a castle town of Kira Castle by a feudal lord of Hirooka Plain who set up a base for his life, government and military powers there. Before the construction of Hirooka Market Town, a small market had been held sometimes at Furu-ichi (meaning old market) about 1km. south south-west of Kira Castle, 0.7km. west of Hiooka Market Town.
At the end of 16th century, Motochika Chosokabe brought all of Tosa under his single authority and began to construct a castle town of Otakasaka (now Kochi City) as the new capital of Tosa. On the other hand, he forced the marchants and the handicraftsmen of local market towns near his capital to concentrate in the new castle town in order to make it prosperous and to control the commerce and the industry on his own account. So, the marchants and the handicraftsmen of Hirooka also moved to the new castle town, and consequently, Hirooka Market Town changed itself into ruins.
Since then, there had been no market town in Hirooka Plain until Shinkawa Town was constructed about 1km. south of the former Hirooka Market Town in the middle of the 17th century. Shinkawa Town was located along the inland water-way dug in 1652 for connecting the mountainous region of the upper Niyodo River via Urado Bay with the capital of Tosa, castle town of Kochi and for irrigating Hirooka Plain and has developed not only as an intermediate port of transportation of forest products but also as a central place of Hirooka Plain during modern times.

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