After pacifying the Chinese world during the 5th year of his reign (202 BCE), Former Han Dynasty Emperor Liu Bang (also referred to as Gaozu 高祖) duly rewarded his loyal followers with titles of ranked status, the highest of which was Liehou 列侯. We find items in such ancient chronicles as Shiji 史記, and Hanshu 漢書 describing the institution of such ranks at the beginning of the period, describing them as the "Liehou hierarchy"; and the research to date on the subject has shown that 1) eighteen such rankings were instituted during the Liu Bang's reign and 2) in the 2nd year of the Gaohou 高后 era (186 BCE), the Empress Dowager's Lu 呂 Family regime instituted what is known as the "Gaozu System of Leihou Rankings" (Gaozuxi Liehou Weici 高祖系列侯位次). However, as the result of an analysis of descriptions concerning ranked status in the ancient historiography, the author of the present article adds that the Gaozuxi System was revised during the reign of Emperor Wen 文. As to the political significance of the establishment of the Gaozuxi System in 186 BCE, first, there was the intention to preserve the 18 ranks set up by Liu Bang and respect his authority, in addition to recognizing the achievements of those who were so honored during his reign. It was in this way that the Lu Family regime planned to obtain the support of Liu Bang's retainers, implying that such actions as granting feudal estates to the princes of the politically powerful Lu Family was initially met with strong resistance, which needed to be appeased. As to the revisions made to the Gaozuxi System during the reign of Emperor Wen, motivation similar to the Lu Family may also be cited, in addition to political necessities specific to the Wen regime.That is to say, the Wen imperial regime was formed after the Dynasty's ministers of state overthrew the Lu Family regime and enthroned Liu Heng, the fourth son of Liu Bang and monarch of the kingdom of Dai 代; therefore, the revisions were also intended to strip members of the Lu Family of their Gaozuxi rankings, thus legitimizing the authority of Emperor Wen over the defeated Lu Family regime.

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The ruling system of the Early Former Han Period(前漢) consisted of three powers standing side by side: the imperial court, the government and the kingdoms. In this system, the governmental power was monopolized by a Military Meritocracy. The direction of this system was decided by the Pa-Ma Covenant(白馬之盟), which was concluded between the emperor and his ministers in the 12th year of Gao-di(高帝), and the organization for this system was completed during the reign of Empress Lu(呂后) P. This article, which is based on the connection between the imperial court and the government, further analyzes a movement in the central government during the reigns of Empress Lu period and Emperor Wen(文帝). In reaching his results, the author has studies several matters, including the rebellion of the Lu Family, the relocation of the Marquis States, and the demotion of Jia Yi(賈誼). The author concludes that all these events are connected to the Military Meritocracy of the early Han Period.

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This is a treatise describing the development of legal concepts in Japan. It is divided into ten sections, each of which is independent. But if they are read through, Dr. Nakada's view on the development of legal concepts in Japan becomes clear.
Up till the medieval times, adjudications of the law court had legal force and were contrasted with the enacted law. Popular customs were also a kind of norm other than the positive law till the middle of the medieval times. In the latter half of the medieval times, the customary law was called Minkan-no-Taiho (popular great law) contrasted with Tenka-no-Taiho (public great law). But in the Tokugawa Shogunate era, these three forms of law were unified into the single concept of "Taiho".
What has been stated above is the conclusion reached by Dr. Nakada in this description of history of development of the legal concepts in Japan (Cf. the ninth section). In other sections, however, Dr. Nakada gives his suggestions on various problems of legal history.
In the third section, Dr. Nakada discusses the development of the system of. penal (lü _??_) and non-penal (ling _??_) laws in China. In the Ch'un-ch'iu era, hsing-shu _??__??_ (document of penalty) was the criminal law that defined the grave crimes and provided penalties for them, while chiao-ling-chih-shu _??__??__??__??_ (document of discipline) was the supplementary laws which were enacted whenever necessity arose, Dr. Nakada explains. He advances to say that the former was codified into lü and the latter into ling in the Han era. But ling was still supplementary to lü. Dr. Nakada further explains that ling was separated from lü in the Chin era acquiring an independent position and that it became the non-penal code.
The fourth section says that Imanogyoji (_??__??__??_) and Rei (_??_) of the ritsu-ryo period were the laws enforced by the government agencies in conformity with Horei (_??__??_).
The first section advises those who want to study the old Japanese law in connection with politics not to forget that the principle of Tokuji(_??__??_) (moral influence of the ruler) was not the essence of the dictatorship in the ancient Japan but only one attribute of it. Dr. Nakada says also in the seventh section that the Chinese law and the Japanese law were not examples of government through moral influence, though some believe so.
The seventh and the tenth sections say the lack of clear consciousness of right in the old Japanese law does not indicate that the people willingly subjected themselves to the moral influence of the ruler but that the law was imposed on the people by the ruler in their own interests. Dr. Nakada points out that the law was not created by the people themselves. (Ryosuke Ishii)
A Sumerian Record of Criminal Procedure
Keikichi Harada
The New York Times in its March 12 issue in 1950 reported on the archaeological finds obtained in the excavation at Ras Shamra in Syria. The Manchester Guardian in the March 4 issue of 1950 gave some account on one of the clay tablets excavated at Nippur of Sumer. Late Professor Keikichi Harada makes a brief comment on these two newspaper reports. He surmises that the clay tablet is the same one as what is usually called " di-til-la" (finished procedure). This is the last manuscript written by Professor Harada, who passed away on September 1, 1950. The professor intimated his intention to make the manuscript public several days before his death.

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This thesis constitutes a part of a larger investigation into the history of Law Codification in traditional China. As former research puts tremendous emphasis on proper nouns which are supposed to be chapter headings of Law Codes and takes them as proof for the existence of already lost ancient law codes in case of absence of other direct evidence, in this thesis a reconsideration of those proper nouns will be conducted.
The reconsideration first starts with the chapters of the Wei-Lü, which is the first Chinese Law Code for which we have still access to contemporary source material on the compilation process, viz. an excerpt of the preamble. Because of difficulties in interpreting this source there is an old controversy about which of the embedded proper nouns constitute the eighteen chapters of the Code, the number of which is specified in the preamble. This thesis will show that those difficulties stem from the inappropriate import of hypotheses on chaptering from non-contemporary sources (mostly from the Tang) and that these difficulties can be avoided easily by focusing on inherent formal features of the preamble. Next, a reconsideration of the chapters of Han-Lü based on the Wei-Lü preamble will give proof that former knowledge of Han -Lü chapters was misled by later sources, too. The Han-Lü chapters will be reconstructed newly by our insights on the reading of the Wei-Lü preamble, which constitutes the oldest available source on chapters of the Han- Lü as well as on the Wei-Lü, despite of general scholarly negligence of this fact.
Finally, an investigation is conducted into the transmission process of Jin-Lü to the Tang, in reply to misleading endeavours of former scholars to extract collateral evidence for particular Wei-Lü chapters from chapters of the Jin-Lü, which is supposed to have been preserved as an original text at least until the Northern Song. It will be shown that the preservation theory is based merely on requotations in encyclopaedias of the Northern Song of quotations of commentaries to the Jin-Lü in encyclopaedias of the Tang. The Jin-Lü Law code itself was scattered and lost during the turbulences at the beginning of the Period of North and South Dynasties. The commentaries, on the other hand, are products of scholarly work on contemporary and recollected ancient legal materials throughout the North and South Period. Partly, they contain private compilations of Law codes of dynasties which, as a well-known fact, never compiled any Law Code.
Founded on the results of this inquiry, the author urges for more textual criticism when handling non-contemporary sources which are supposed to contain components of lost ancient Law Codes.

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"The Imperial Edict in the 5th year of Emperor Gao-di "(「高帝五年詔」) was a very important decree in the early Former Han Period (前漢). The author has done textual research of the Edict in detail. As a result, this paper has shown that the Former Han government gave military officials and soldiers many titles of nobility in accordance with the Edict, and at the same time gave cultivated land and curtilage land according to the stipulation for records in the Han Military Code (漢軍法) in the early Former Han Period. The Han Military Code was set up by Han Xin (韓信), a famous general of Liu Bang (劉邦). In the district of Hanzhong (漢中), in the period from April to August of the first year of the Han Dynasty he issued the Military Code based on the Qin Military Code (秦軍法). The author estimates that Liu Bang's army totaled about 600 thousand persons at the time "the Imperial Edict in the 5th year of Emperor Gao-di" was issued. In accordance with the Edict, all military officials and soldiers were given the 5th grade noble status, at the same time a military person with such status could obtain 500 mu (畝) of cultivated land and 25 mu of curtilage land in accordance with the Military Code. Given 600 thousand military personel, 300 million mu of cultivated land and 15 million mu of curtilage land were granted. This amount of land equaled 40 percent of the total amount of cultivated land in the Former Han Period. Furthermore, the 600 thousand military officials and soldiers made up about 4 percent of the total population at the time. However, including family members the military accordance for 3 million people, or 20 percent of the total population. In conclusion, because of the "Imperial Edict in the 5th year of Emperor Gao-di" and aseries of other relevant laws and regulation a new social stratum would have been formed in the early Former Han Period, if all these laws were thoroughly implemented. This stratum, based on military meritocracy, had decisive political strength, strong economic power and high social status. It created the Former Han Dynasty and supported the dynasty for a long period of time.

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I indicated that the plan of the earthen wall with brick tiles on the Former Imperial Audience Hall of State Compound in Nara Imperial Palace was designed with three concentric circles and the eccentric circle , and this structure is similar to the astronomical chart of mural of Kitora Tomb. On this report, we can find the Chinese ancient thought that the buildings and the layout of establishment in the Palace area imitate the cosmos in the MONSEN anthology. The planners appreciate that the throne Takamikura was located at the center of the world and the throne fit on the ornament ceiling. The pair forms the turning pole Ame-no-Mihashira. On the Former Imperial Audience Hall of State Compound in Nara Imperial Palace, the number on the plan related to the calendar and the cosmos. This design show that Tennou manages the time and the cosmos in his national land same as Chinese emperor.

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