The Hokuzansho 北山抄, a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period, was written by Fujiwara Kinto (藤原公任) at the beginninng of the 11th century. The draft of vol. X in his own handwriting remains. There is also old transcriptions, for example the Maeda MS. kept in the Sonkeikaku-bunko, but there are many differences in the arrangement of the descriptions. It has been generally understood that these differences are caused by the disarray the author's draft, and that Kinto wrote it as a final draft in revising the descriptions. However, we have no proof that Kinto wrote out any final draft of the Hokuzansho's vol. X, and it is clear that every old transcription was copied from this draft. Therefore, it is very possibility that the differences between Kinto's draft and the Maeda MS. have been caused by errors in transcription. The author of the present paper thinks that Kinto's draft had been separated into various parts as time passed, and then was restored to its original state, but some of the parts were put in the wrong place. Thus, Kinto's MS. itself was arranged incorrectly in the past. The MS. was copied in this state, causing the in correct transcriptions. The above facts had already been pointed out by Wada Hidematsu, who found Kinto's MS.. In this paper, the author examines the details of that MS. to verify Wada's view and traces the origin of the differences between it and another old transcription.

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In order to get the complete form of the architecture, we must make plan, search and convey materials and construct. Therefore, to understand the historical Japanese architecture under the background of culture, it is necessary too to know its indusrial process. The meaning of the history of technology is in this point. So, we are to research the place of getting materials, both timber and stone, and conveying route of these. A part of these were researched already by many scholors. But these are not yet completely done. Specially my treatise already issued is uncompleted and contains some mistake. So, supplying these, adding our new opinion, I made up my mind to write this new treatise.

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This article concerns a document form known as horyo kanpu 俸料官符, orders from the Dajokan to the agencies under its jurisdiction (kanpu 官符), which have been the focus of research on the financing of public activities during the Heian period. The author takes up such issues as how the document actually functioned and its place in the framework of state fiscal affairs at the time, in order to reveal a new aspect oh Heian period state finance. To begin with, according to the research to date, horyo has been understood as a form of stipend or gratuity paid to bureaucrats ; however, a number of yet to be investigated cases tends to contradict such an opinion. In fact horyo should be divided into three different types. The first is kuge 公廨 horyo, which has been defined as gratuities owing to the rank of provincial governor. The second type is chuke 厨家 horyo which was related to stipends paid (via kanpu) to Dajokan officials, taking part in the formalities to evaluate bureaucrats performance each year. This particular form of payment was from the mid-10th century on part of the policy to shift the state fiscal burden for such payments from the center to provincial budgets. The final type is gosechi 五節 horyo, which was the same stipend as the second, but was deferred for the purpose of paying the expenses for Gosechi dancer's costumes and the like at the Toyono-akari no Sechie 豊明節会 festival. This stipend was still being paid in the early 12th century. The kanpu officially issued to provincial governors by the Dajokan for these funds was accompanied by another document, migyosho 御教書, issued by powerful proprietors in the capital requesting payment from their respective agents in the provinces. It was from the 10th century on that taxes which were brought in to the capital from the provinces would no longer be first delivered to central fiscal treasuries for redistribution, but rather delivered directly to the administrative agencies that were earmarked for the revenue, in accordance with delivery orders, like horyo kanpu issued to provincial governors by the Dajokan. In order to response to these orders, deputy governors (zuryo 受領) would set up depots in local ports to store their delivery goods. This new fiscal mechanism went through various stages of development throughout the 10th century and during the 11th century, delivery orders, including horyo kanpu, came to resemble securities or commercial notes giving the receiving agencies de facto authorization to collect the tax revenue allocated to them.

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