Archaeological explanation is given of the pre-historic use and work of jadeite as ornamental stones in Japan, especially around the Niigata Prefecture. How original rocks of jadeite which had been entirely obscured for many centuries were re-discovered in 1939 is explained. Geological and mineralogical occurrences, mineralogical properties of these jadeites, both newly found and archaeologic remains, are described in some details. Jadeites occur as jadeite rock, jadeite-albitite and jadeite vein, in serpentinite masses which develop along the fault boundaries between the green schists and Mesozoic and/or Paleozoic formations. Typical zonal arrangement is, from inner to outer, albite, white jadeite rock, green jadeite rock, soda-rich calciferous amphibole, and host serpentine. The colour of jadeite is white, green, violet and rarely blue and black. The chemical compositions, optical properties, unit cell sizes of jadeites are given.

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This paper focuses on the property research Prof. Tadasi SEKINO and the preservation rule of relics and objects established by the Government-general of Chosen in 1916. The selections of properties research by Tadasi SEKINO were made depending on the two standards ; his personal concerns and research on urban facilities which the Government-general of Chosen planned. The property research made by Tadasi SEKINO in 1909-1911 was classified into four groups according to the historical value. Through the preservation rule of relics and objects established in 1916,the preservation policy was implemented mainly about historical objects. The author concludes that the research on historic building and preservation method at that period shows obvious change of perception from just 'figure' to 'cultural property'.

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〔目的・資料・方法〕小稿は「世宗実録地理志」・「新増東国輿地勝覧」などを資料として,その記載するところを若干の表に整理しつつ,朝鮮,とくに李朝における城邑の分布と規模との変遷について,イクステンシィブな観察を加えようとしたものである.
〔観察結果〕 1) 城邑の分布は,いずれの時期においても,南鮮2道,ことにその臨海部と北鮮2道とに集中的であり,小都邑よりは大都邑に発達している.これは邑城築造の主月的が,倭寇および北方民族の侵入を防ぐところにあつたことを示す. 2) 城邑発達の時期は,高麗以後李朝初期までにあつたと思われるが,李朝中期以後においても創築・改築がつづけられ,総数約100～13Oを算えた. 3) 一方,山城の構築は3世紀頃から行なわれたが,少くとも李朝に入つてからは,山城→邑城の改・移築コースを進んだ模様で,さらに防禦の必要を感ずる時期・地域においては,邑城どは別に,山城,あるいはより多くの場合,関墾が設定された. 4) 邑城の規模についてみるに,城周は地方制度上のクラス (これは都邑の戸口規模にほぼ平行する)におおむね相応しているが,城高は平均10メートル程度で,クラスの上下,あるいは地域の特色には関連がうすい. 5) 邑城の築造材料は,時代が下るとともに土築→石築の傾向を強めるが,石築城が古くから発達していた点を,朝鮮城郭史の一特色として指摘しうる.なお,北鮮2道がいささか他道と趣を異にし,満州の囲郭形態の影響圏内にあるのが興味をひく.

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In 1910, Japan annexed Korea. As a cultural policy, the Government-General of Korea accomplished the investigation activities of "Cultural Properties" including historical buildings in Korean peninsula. Preservation rule of relics and objects is established in 1916, and law for the protection of treasures, historic sites, places of scenic beauty and natural monuments is established in 1933. And they started the repair of the historic buildings from 1913. This paper considers: 1) investigation and preservation systems, 2) administrative systems 3) repair activities.

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In 1956, Inst. Pong Tuck Chun (_??__??__??_) released the process how Ritsuryô of Silla Dynasty was formulated. (‘Study on Written Law of Shilla Dynasty’ Univ. Soeulensis Collectio Theseon, humanitas scientia socialis vol. 4)
The present author aims at solving the reason why this Ritsuryo was established and the essence of Silla Ritsuryo system (_??__??__??__??__??__??_), under the stark influence of the above-mentioned Inst. Pong's treatise.
Samkuk-saki (_??__??__??__??_) says that King Popxu_??_ (_??__??_) enacted Ritsu and Ryo as the first written law in Silla Dynasty (AD 520). But according to some epigraph (_??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??_), it can be recognized that King Popxun only enacted Ritsu code, which was composed of regulations concerning the administration and the justice as well as the punishment. The motive of the establishment of this Rituryo lies, on the one hand, in rivaling Kokurio-Dynasty (_??__??__??_), the advanced nation in three kigdoms at that time, in the culture, and on the other hand, in satisfying Silla noblemen's consciousness of yearning for Chinese culture.
It was King Murior (_??__??_) that enacted Ritsu and Ryo together. (AD 654) As a result of restoring the regulations of this Ritsuryo, the author concludes that the purpose of this Ritsuryo was to transform Silla noblemen into bureaucrats and to set up a powerful enough, centralized and despotic government to endure Chinese pressure.
In the middle of the 8th century, established was Silla Ritsuryo system in which Silla people were govened as Kômin (_??__??_) through a taxation system to levy duties on each village by the state organ. In Tang (_??_), however, the governed were taxed individually by census registers. Namely, Silla Ritsuryo system was so different from T'ang's.
It was because Silla monarchs were so weak without Silla noblemen's support that Ritsuryo was not enforced in Silla so strong as in Tang, in spite of its adopting T'ang Ritsuryo under T'ang's authority.

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Though in recent years discoveries have increasingly been made of ditch and embankment-shaped structures in the ruined villages of the Yayoi Age, yet at present all-out excavation and investigation are little advanced owing to the special nature of the work, and there still are left lots of intrinsic matters unrevealed.
The writer, at first, having closely examined the structures of the sites in the light of every material obtained from every part of the country, developing his studies based on the correlation between their diachronic transitions and their localities to reach at some conclusions, stated in this report his prospective plans and opinions to carry out the future researches, pointing out where to find new problems to solve. At present situation, however, with scanty materials, some of them not beyond the range of working hypothesis, further inguiries and researches should be pursued so fulfil the completion of studies in that line. It is hereby concluded as follows by summarizing the characteristic features of the ruined structures of embankments and ditches in those periods with settlement enclosed within:
1. Those ruined structures in the Yayoi Age ditch and embankment show that in those villages and hamlets on a developed stage of agriculture they served as boundary for a large group of families inclosed within it, and at the same time they intended to function as an attribute to defend the group against outside enemies. Their locations, scales, forms, functions to be put into effect and all the other points in their respective localities are considered to differ from one to another depending on the situation of the age, the traditional trait of the community together with the political and militaristic requisites and the topographical aspects of locality, all of these individual conditions inter-relating and reacting each other.
2. It is most probable the those enclosed settlements of the Yayoi Age did not spontaneously come into being on the Japanese Islands, but they were brought by immigrants from more civilized agricultural regions beyond the seas. Thus, we find every indication that such a type of village and hamlet can be traced back to those now found in the China proper and that passing through the Northern Korea it was first introduced into the northern part of Kyushu, then spreading all over the country. Hence a shape is assumed to be an Asian agricultural community of the ancient times.

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