本稿は中山間地域の現局面を構造的に把握することを課題としている。中山間地域は85年まではわが国資本主義の周辺的位置づけにあり,その限りでわが国資本主義と一体のものとして機能していた。しかしグローバル段階を迎えると世界システムの中に解き放たれ,経済的側面からは長期化する不況も手伝って壊滅的状況にある。しかし一方では,国家の相対化の中での政策的多様化が中山間地域を様々に性格づけるとともに,新たな消費空間としての資本進出があったり,環境面から新しい政策ツールが示されたり,これまでになく複雑な連関構造の中にある。こうして今日の中山間地域問題は,近代そのものが抱えた危機的問題,すなわち経済的格差拡大問題,環境問題,人間性喪失問題などを全て抱えると同時に,ポスト・モダン的発想からの夢空間としての評価が与えられる等,日常的住民の生活世界の存立そのものが危ぶまれるところにその中心がある。危機への対応は,この住民の生活世界を守ることであるが,そこでは住民がまたグローバルの中での世界市民として,地域内外の私的領域内においても,私的領域と公的領域の間においても対話的行為の重要性を認識し対拠することが必要である。

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Flexicurity can be defined as an employment strategy to enhance flexibility and security in labour market. The current European economic crisis, triggered by American financial crisis, has been putting on a stress test to flexicurity-policy itself. There seems to be five types of flexicurityclusters: Nordic cluster (Sweden, Finland, Denmark), Continental cluster (Germany, France), Southern cluster (Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece), Anglo-Saxon cluster (UK, Ireland), and Eastern cluster (Poland, Hungary, Rumania). Among different clusters, the Southern cluster, Anglo-Saxon cluster and Eastern cluster have been damaged so much. And it is remarkable that the Continental cluster has been less damaged than the Nordic cluster in the crisis. Nordic cluster is still keeping the lowest unemployment rate. However, the gap between the Continental and the Nordic countries becomes narrower during the crisis. The European Commission has valuated the Danish flexicurity and promoted it as a proto-type of flexicurity model in Europe. However it becomes clear that Danish flexicurity has not been working well and can not re-organize labour market and adjust it to the current crisis. Being in contrast, German flexicurity is re-evaluated because of the slightest increase of its unemployment rate. While the Danish flexicurity has been focusing on free hiring and firing, generous social protection and active labour market policies, German flexicurity combines employment protections with subsidized internal adjustments. The Danish model as the prototype of flexicurity, promoted by the European Commission, does not pass the test imposed by the crisis and loose its momentum. This implies that the flexicuritypolicy requires more-profound revision. A central question is whether flexicurity remains a useful strategy or not. One of the alternatives to flexicurity is the concept of "transitional labour market". The transitional labour market approach affirms "protected transition" in labour market.

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The time taken to transition from school to work is lengthening and becoming more unstable for young people. There have not been good surveys of early school leaving and effective strategies for reducing the number of high school dropouts in Japan, although it is one of the most important educational issues. We conducted interviews in depth for about 60 high school leavers and analyzed early school leaving as a phenomenon of social exclusion. The European Union is implementing countermeasures. In the case of Denmark, they have set up career guidance centers over the country and there are schools which provide a second chance for early school leavers. We should conduct surveys on early school leaving, construct high schools more relevant for disadvantaged students, and provide a second chances for early school leavers to study again, which is including high schools, vocational schools and alternative schools. Social exclusion is one of the indispensable themes for development of studies on educational policies, though it has not been seen such a significant one in Japan.

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