In dieser Abhandlung sammelte ich die Stellen über die caesarischen Armeen im Osten in den Jahren 48/47 vor Chr. Zwar hat man bisher Caesars Legionen ziemlich eingehend untersucht. Aber die Hilfstruppen wurden dabei weniger beachtet. Mich interessierten auch die Hilfstruppen, und zwar in dem Zusammenhang, den ich in der Historia, X, SS. 473 ff. dargelegt habe.

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It is commonly admitted, that the legio Alaudae of Caesar is the first non-citizen legion in the Roman history. But the reports of the Caesarian corpus about the legio vernacula of Pompey (b. c. 2, 20, 4, & c.) suggest some emendations of this view. I. The legio vernacula is one of the two legions, which Verro, the legate of Pompey, held in Spain in 49 B. C. That this legion is composed of non-citizens is quite clear. Because : (1) we find that even the slaves could serve in (the same ?) legio vernacula (b. Hisp. 12, 1. 20, 5); (2) the author of b. Hisp. (7, 4) distinguishes the legio vernacula from a legio facta ex coloniis ; (3) in Spain there were non-citizens since Sertorius., who were acquainted with the Roman military technique, so that they could easily be formed into a legion of the Roman style (cf. Plut. Sert. 14, 1. Caes. b. G. 3, 23, 5) ; (4) Cicero, who never calls non-citizen legions like the legiones Deiotarianae "legiones", does not call the vernacula a legion, for he (fam. 16, 12, 4) enumerates in Spain in Jan. 49 B. C. only 6 legions (while they are 6 according to Caes. b. c. 1, 85, 6). II. The vernacula was formed between 55 and 52 B. C. For it is one of the veteranae multisque proeliis expertae legiones, which have revolted in 48 B. C. to their proprator Q. Cassius Longinus in Spain (b. Alex. 61, 1). These multa proelia -cannot have taken place after Jan. 49 B. C., for even in the course of the strife between Varro and Caesar there could not have been multa proelia (b. c. 2, 17 f., esp. c. 20). These proelia therefore can only mean the wars cum Lusitanis reliquisque barbaris (b. c. 1, 44, 2) before the outbreak of the civil war. It is then natural to believe then the enmity, which existed between the vernacula and Cassius, had its origin in the quaestorship of Cassius in 52 B. C., when the vernacula had possibly existed already. So the terminus ante quem of the formation .of the vernacula must be fixed in 52 B. C., and the terminus post quem in 55 B. C., when Pompey received Spain as his proconsular province. III. So we can conclude, that the legio vernacula of Pompey is a non-citizen legion, which was formed between 55 and 52 B. C. in Spain, earlier than the legio Alaudae of Caesar, which must be dated in the year 51 B. C. It was to, Pompey, not to Caesar, that the merit of the epochmaking achievement in the history of the Roman military system should be accorded.

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Herodotus says that king Xerxes led his unprecedentedly huge forces and invaded Europe in 480 B C The size of the expeditionary force, including troops from Europe and non-combatants, was more than five million persons Other ancient sources agree that the great king's forces were vast in scale, but differ as to their number The German empire mobilized seven armies, i e, one million, five hundred thousand soldiers, on the western front at the beginning of the First World War The German troops were supplied, via thirteen railways, five-hundred-fifty trains a day Nevertheless, they were distressed by shortage of provisions Could the Persian empire, which had only primitive transport, maintain such huge forces for a long time and in a far distant country? Her transportation capability was meager It seems impossible that she mobilized and continued to supply such huge forces Modern historians doubt the size of the Persian forces which Herodotus gives They try to reduce his number to reasonable levels For that purpose they use two methods One is the philological method, used by many historians They criticize the texts and make known the organization of Xerxes' forces and the commanders' names There were three infantry divisions, three cavalry brigades, the Immortals, the guard troops and the non-combatants But, if one doubts about Herodotus' number, the size of the forces remains unknown The other method used employs logistics Gen Maurice and Gen v Fischer used this method They heed that the volume of provisions carried by the transport corps determined the scale of the forces This necessitates the fixing of some variables the mean speed, the size of the files, the carrying capability of pack animals and the rate of consumption of provisions What was the Persians' speed? It must have been that which reached the maximum value of the rate of flow There are some models for inquiring into the relation between the mean speed and the rate of flow I use Greenschields' model The outcome of my computation is that six parasangs a day is best, five a day next best and seven a day third best According to Xenophon's Anabasis, the Persians frequently marched six or seven parasangs a day When they crossed a bridge or river, their speed slowed Five parasangs a day was the usual speed So, I think that Xerxes' forces crossed the Hellespontos at the rate of five parasangs a day The rate of flow of animals was 500 4 heads/h, the rate of flow of infantrymen 1,429 7 persons/h What was the size of the Persian files? Gen v Fischer thought four files to be the usual size of the infantiy and two files that of the cavalry and transport corps I follow his view As the transport corps continued to cross for 7 days and nights, the total number of pack animals is 168,134 The transport corps carried 33,626,800 Ibs, consumed 31,945,460 Ibs, and could offer 1,681,340 Ibs to the combatants Such volume of provisions can maintain 41,000 infantrymen and 4,000 cavalrymen The number of an infantry division was 10,000 men, the number of cavalry brigade 1,000 men Xerxes' forces numbered 45,000 men Many historians think that the Persian fleet was far superior to the Greek Some believe in Herodotus' number, some modify his number to 1,000 or 800 or 600 Before the battle of Salamis, all Persian ships anchored in Phaleron bay I use this fact as a clue to estimating their scale I divide the length of the seashore by the width a trireme occupies in action The outcome is 300 ships The original fleet probably numbered about 400 ships My conclusion is that the land forces numbered 45,000 persons and the fleet 400 ships

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This paper outlines the movement for an independent Czechoslovak state during the First World War and examines how it was affected by the Russian revolutions of 1917. After the outbreak of the War, only a limited number of Czech and Slovak leaders took up the cause for an independent state, while the majority remained loyal to the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1916, one of the early independence leaders and the first president of Czechoslovakia, T. G. Masaryk, founded the Czechoslovak National Council (CNC) at Paris with the aim of securing the support of the Allied countries. Yet since Allied governments regarded the Habsburg Monarchy as necessary for keeping the balance of power in Europe, they avoided making any commitment to support the CNC and, instead, sought a separate peace with Austria-Hungary. Consequently, the CNC could not achieve any notable results in their negotiations with the Allied governments until April 1918.

Just after the outbreak of the War in 1914, Czech and Slovak settlers and emigrants living in Russia joined the war against the Central Powers as a part of the Russian army. The Russian Imperial Governmdent supported Czechs and Slovaks who were loyal to the Russian Empire, but they made no commitment to the independence of the Czechoslovak state. Meanwhile, the Russian state also barred Masaryk, a vocal critic of Czarism, from entering the country. After the March Revolution of 1917, however, Masaryk gained entry to Russia, and he subsequently established his leadership among the Czechs and Slovaks there. He also mobilized newly-freed Czech and Slovak prisoners of war into what later became known as the “Czechoslovak Legion.”

In the Bohemian Lands, the Russian March Revolution promoted the rise of radical nationalists who claimed the independence of the Czechoslovak state from Habsburg Monarchy. Between January to July 1918, they gradually expanded their influence in the Czech political circles. Yet they lacked sufficient power to overthrow the Habsburg regime on their own. This situation eventually changed when, in April 1918, the negotiations for a separate peace between the Allied Powers and Austria-Hungary miscarried, and, subsequently, the French government turned to openly support anti-Hapsburg movements including the CNC.

After the Bolshevik November Revolution, Soviet Russia and the Central Powers signed the Brest-Litovsk treaty in March 1918. With the eastern front now closed to the Czechoslovak Legion, Masaryk instead decided to transfer his troops to the western front through Vladivostok. On their way to Vladivostok, however, the Legion revolted against the Bolsheviks. This was followed by the Siberian Expedition by the United States and Japan in August. After the outbreak of the rebellion, the CNC was officially recognized by the Allies, and it was regarded as a de facto government by the end of the War. These favorable circumstances led Czechoslovak leaders to declare the independence of the new state and established a new government with exiled leaders at the end of October of 1918.

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The purpose of this paper is to distinguish between gú-na and gú-na ma-da. Gú-na tribute was brought by rulers of vassal states from the far distant regions as proof of their obedience to the suzerainty of the Ur III dynasty.
On the other hand, gú-na ma-da was a tribute from the stationary troops on the east bank of the Tigris, where there was a strategic point against invading hostile tribes. The gú-na ma-da was introduced as a new tribute in the middle of the reign of Shu-Sin in order to strengthen military and civil governorship of the troops and to secure the political and military stability in the district.

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伊豆沼・内沼の畔で生活し，現在も環境保全活動にかかわっている人々（マコモ

）からの聞き取りと既存の歴史的資料から，沼を利用した生活と自然保護について，地域住民の視点から整理した報告である．干拓農地をもつ地域住民にとって，伊豆沼・内沼での生活は水害と隣り合わせにあったが，その一方で沼の水産物を享受していた．しかし，1960年代からの愛鳥会による保護運動と，行政による伊豆沼・内沼の保護区の指定によって，渡り鳥の保護は強化され，漁業や狩猟による沼の利用や，農作物に危害を加える鳥の駆除に制限がかけられるようになった．これにより，地域住民の生業による伊豆沼・内沼とのかかわりは衰退を招いた．こうした視点から渡り鳥保護の経緯を見ていくことによって，沼の恵みの享受を渡り鳥に阻害されたという地域住民の葛藤を確認することができた．

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 This paper aims to clarify the GHQ military disposition which changed rapidly and nationwide location of Dependent Housing (army family house) and the numerical transformation process in the occupied Japan by the U.S. document. Soon after Japanese people had begun to convert the building stock which was left after WWII, occupation forces were stationed in each place and began the requisition. The occupation forces requisitioned the building which was judged to be available locally in the short term and they rehabilitate it and used. D.H. was built approximately 12,000 houses, and about 70% was built newly in Japan. The construction of D.H. was hurried, and because material was short, it was often supplied in black markets. And, by grasp of the numerical transformation process of D.H., the different requisition situation and situation of distribution became clear in each district.
 9 districts where there were dependents more than 200 households as of June 1, 1948 are as follows in decreasing order. Tokyo, Yokohama area, Tachikawa, Osaka area, Kobe, Johnson, Yokota, Nagoya area, Kyoto. It's that there was the large-scale new construction enlargement is more than 50 in there having been enlargement in 8 districts in 12 districts belonging to the 5th Air Force, 5 districts (Nagoya, Tachikawa, Johnson, Itazuke, Itami) of those to understand from the numerical changes from June 1948 to October 1950. Enlargement was not seen in the district that belonged to the 11th AirBorn Division (Sapporo, Hachinohe, Jinmachi), the 1st Cavarly Division (Asaka, Nagai, Ota, Omiya), BCOF (Etajima, Miho, Hofu, Fukuyama), Navy (Totsuka), the 5thA/F (Kisarazu, Chitose, Kanoya) and the 24th Infantry Division (Kumamoto, Beppu).
 From the number of new construction and rehabilitation and the numerical transformation, it was inferred that the situation peculiar to the occupied area had an influence on the judgment of the requisition and the D.H. construction. Procurement demands of the occupation forces disturbed inflection of building stock of the city space attacked by the war damage. It's the fact that we can't overlook in thinking about after the war of each city.
 The requisition house rebuilt as a general tendency became the derequisition earlier than new construction. The new D.H. has many examples removed with the return of the requisition, and there are many still uncertain points because there is little number of the existence.
 In this study, it was clarified that correlation of military unit deployment and D.H. of the occupation forces by the cross-reference of records of the both Japan and the United States. The result of this study will make the base that pushes forward the study on history of city and building in each occupied area.

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Among the principal subjects of interest in 18th-19th century Ottoman history is the political influence exerted on the reform policies of the central government by the local notables known as A'yân and Derebeyi.
While Mahmud II came to the throne, they, the local notables, at that time had divided and ruled even Anatolia and the Balkan area, vital parts of the empire.
So this time I have studied their political activities after the Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774, with stress on the “Nizâm-i Cedîd” of Selim III and on the “Sened-i Ittifak” of 1808, and then referred to the policy of Mahmud II for subjugation of the local notables.

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It is wellknown, that a castle in Japan never had castle-walls enclosing its inhabitants as well as its warriors. But, these is on]y one exception, and that Is "Kogoishi" or an ancient Korean style hilltop fort. The characteristics of such a fort are that it had its stone walls surrounding hilltop and its vast outskirts, including flat ground, and spring water gates, which were constructed upstream with accumulated stones. Almost all of Japanese historians, archeologists and geographers have agreed that the fort like this was established in early 7th century in Northern Kyushu and Western Chugoku districts. This treatise aims to investigate the relations between the Korean style hilltop fort and Kokufu or the local capital, such as Sanuki (now Kagawa Pref.), Bingo (Hiroshima Pref.), Biichu and Bizen (Okayama Pref. ) in ancient Japan. As a result of investigation, it is clear that the forts located at the back of Kokufu, and that both of these were generally connected with each other by a smooth route. This fact does not always mean that the forts were built for the shelter of Kokufu' s inhabitants, though the fort and Kokufu coexisted at the same time. We have to take into consideration the following matters : there are many huge old mounds of the powerful clans, and the people residing thereby have had the similar legend ; e. g., one of the local powerful clans subjugated a demon and a harmful fish. Besides, Korean historian argued that it might have been constructed in 3-4 century in Korea and also in Japan. Considering these evidences, we should assume that some of these ancient Korean style forts had been built before the Kokufu was constructed. In other words, it may be safely concluded that the Kokufu plan seems to have been adopted from the Kogoishi or ancient Korean Style hilltop fort.

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