軍事用語としての支援は，さまざまな場合に用いられる．軍の部隊は，直接戦闘部隊と支援部隊にわけられ，しだいに支援部隊の比重がたかまっている．西側諸国のということができ，ロシアのであるといえる．この違いは，政府または支配者が自国のを信用できるかどうかによると思われる．次に支援―被支援関係が成り立つためには，相手を信用できることが必要であり，相手を信用できなければ，相手の自由を制限し，自立性を低くする統制，服従になる．これは，支援を考察する際の重要な点であると思われる．

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Early in its establishment, the modern Japanese state introduced draft and schooling systems and made it obligatory for all of its subjects to get military training and to become educated. When incorporating a gender perspective, the difference between the two is obvious. While schooling was for both men and women, the army was only for men. Discussion of the "myth of the National Army" or the "disciplining the subjects" without recognizing this crucial difference might mistakenly reproduce another "myth."
This article attempts to clarify the structure of masculinity by focusing on the Japanese army after the Russo-Japanese War. Masculinity was constructed in daily life in military barracks. This masculinity was "shown" and "tested" in actual battlefields. At the same time, the soldiers were expected to realize the "men's duty." In the Sino-Japanese and the Russo-Japanese Wars, the soldiers' masculinity was scrutinized, converging on "Yamato Damashii (the Japanese Spirit)" and "Bushido." The new "Bushido" that emerged after the Sino-Japanese War was incorporated in the Japanese military as its spiritual core. The masculinity that was constructed and emphasized in this way contributed to the emergence of extreme irrationality and spiritualism in the "Imperial Army."
The "Imperial Army" depended on the extreme spiritualism to compensate for the scarcity of materials with which to pursue the war, placing too much burden on the concept of masculinity. The spiritualism nurtured "Yamato Damashii" and "Bushido" in the military. At the same time, a kind of familism was introduced into the Japanese army after the Russo-Japanese War. That is, barracks were likened to the family and the military discipline and spirit were fostered through "domestic education." Further, the military strengthened its interference into the national school system after the Russo- Japanese War and watched over the thorough infiltration of militaristic patriotism ("Chukun Aikoku") among students. The concept of masculinity was instilled into the minds of both men and women through ordinary education. Men should become soldiers and discard their lives for "royalty and courage." Such masculinity was highly praised and "Bushido" was utilized to encourage the spirit.

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The purpose of this paper was to clarify the situation in the Department of Defense of Austro-Hungary, which dispatched Major Theodor von Lerch to Japan in 1910. The historical materials referred to were the official documents saved at the General Staff Office in Vienna and the articles left in Japan by von Lerch. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) As a task in the General Staff Office in Vienna, von Lerch had started to study the conditions of the Army in the Far East from 1906. (2) The General Staff Office in Vienna attempted his dispatch to investigate the conditions of the army in three countries on the eve of World War I. (3) The Ministry of Defense in Austro-Hungary decided to dispatch von Lerch to Japan for the benefit of the army and his advantage in carrying out the assigned tasks. However, von Lerch himself had an interest in Japan. (4) The Ministry of Defense in Austro-Hungary communicated with the Ministry of Foreign affairs and its military attache in Japan and China, requesting that it enter into negotiations to accomplish the dispatch of von Lerch. (5) von Lerch's wish to be allowed to study on an assignment with the Japanese Army was accepted by both the Japanese and Chinese governments as a result of ten months of negotiations.

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本稿は,広東省の省城広州を事例とし,「城防」(城壁都市の守備・治安維持)という面から清代城郭都市の一端を明らかにしようとするものである。帝政時代の中国では,一般に官庁所在地は城壁によって囲まれており,行政拠点である城の守備を目的として・防衛施設が設置されていた。清代の広州城には,八旗・緑営の双方が駐屯し,更に緑営の中でも,一般緑営軍制の一部として各城に配置される城守協のほか,八旗将軍直属の緑営や,広東巡撫(1746年から両広総督も広州に移駐)及びその直属の緑営も広州城に駐屯していた。城防は異なる系統のによって行われており,諸系統が各自の管轄区域を持ち,互いの間に直接・間接の上下関係があった。八旗の緑営に対する監視・コントロールや諸系統の相互の制御・協力から見れば,このような城防は緊密に構造化された体系ではなく,むしろそれぞれが中央と結びついた各種のからなる緩い集合体であった。長い平和期の間に,柔軟性を持つ城防システム内部では,状況に対応しつつ様々な調整が行われており,その過程で,八旗の駐屯はより象徴的な存在となってきたといえる。

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