We have been provided confusion to some extent by several explanations of dissimilar meanings with respect to a scientif ical terminology.
This paper shows a semantic problem concerning stochastic error term stood for “mean square error” (MSE) which does not exhibit only “root of mean of squared errors” in surveying and photogrammetry, but also indicates “average of squared errors” (or residuals) in statistics.
Therefore, it is highly recommended even in surveying and photogrammetry that precision and accuracy illustrated a dispersion and an extent of measurements, respectively, should be utilized variance and MSE (square of “RMS” (root mean square) error) which can be obtained with sum of squared differences between measurements and most probable parameter (or true value), divided by number of observations, or redundancy of them. Similarly, definition of “MSE” in statistics makes variance added to squared bias (systematic error) .

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In order to teach and work effectively at survey and photogrammetry, one should understand basic semiological abbreviations which derived form foreign languages to Japan. This paper describes that several technical abbreviations in surveying correspond closely with Dutch words which were imported into Japan in the Edo era (1600-1867) .It was considered that, as established theory, symbols“B”and“L”were German abridgments of“Breite”and“Länge” (i.e. latitude and longitude), respectively, by force of making an amendment form French triangulation system to German triangulation system which had employed by the military serivice of Japan in 1882.Nevertheless, “B”and“L”also coincide with Dutch terms of“breedte”and“lengte..which were transfered to Japan at least since 1803. Moreover, it reveals that symbols“B”, “P”and“C”being utilised for eccentric triangulation might be said as abridgments of Dutch terms form“bevordelijk standpunt”for instrumental center, “piramidaale centrum”for center of measuring tower (namely“pyramid”) and“centrum van geodesische monument”for center of hurried mark, respectively.

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写真測量は物体 (主に地表面) を撮影したイメージから空間情報 (空間データ) を取り出す一つの手法であり, 1849年ロスダーが写真経緯儀を用いて平板写真測量を始めて行って以来, 今日までずっと測定用カメラや図化機などの発明考案が繰り返されてきた科学技術でもある.今やフィルムや印画紙に記録されていた写真はCCDやコンピュータなどに記録されるデジタル画像に代わり, 同様に写真測量においてもデジタル画像が用いられるようになったが, デジタル写真測量であってもその計測法の基礎数学は変わらない.本報は, 写真測量に関連する事項である, エラトステネスらによって定義された地球形状の変遷, 写真の発明, アナログとデジタルの写真測量, GIS (地理情報システム), そして76年前に撮影された大阪市の空中写真などを用いて実体視した判読結果などを歴史的経緯に触れながら解説するものである.

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写真座標と被写体の三次元座標との変換関係を表すためには, 射影変換式を用いることがある。ところがその係数の幾何光学的意味がわかり難いので, 本論文では係数と標定要素との関係を明示し, 係数の意味の概要も明らかにした。二次元同士の射影変換式についても同様のことを行った。応用面としては, 標定要素が既知のときに変換係数の個数を減じること, 変換係数が得られたときに変換係数自身またはそれから求められる標定要素の妥当性を検討すること, 場合によっては偏位修正時に用いた二次元射影変換式の係数から被写体の三次元座標を求めることなどである。

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Two-dimensional flow of an incompressible viscous fluid past a rotating circular cylinder placed symmetrically in a uniform flow is considered theoretically using Oseen's approximation for small values of Reynolds numbers. The expansion formulae for the stream function and the vorticity are obtained up to the fourth power, O(Re⁴), of the Reynolds number and it is shown that the flow patterns calculated by these expansion formulae agree even in the neighborhood of an object with those as predicted by the numerical solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations in the range of the small Reynolds numbers. Furthermore, flow near a circular cylinder is investigated in detail. The expansion formulae for the lift, the moment and the pressure distributions on a circular cylinder are obtained up to O(Re²), O(Re³) and O(Re²), and it is confirmed that the results of these expansion formulae agree with those of the numerical solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations.

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Most of scientifical terms and symbols utilized for survey and photogrammetry have abundantly been derived to Japan through Dutch, French, German, English and so forth, as the European languages; however those had originated from Greek and Latin which are important to understand their original meanings of linguistic roots.
This report describes to investigate etymology concerning terms and symbols employed for mathematics, survey and photogrammetry where it has clarified that, namely, the interior angles α and γ of a triangle correspond with “αγκιστρευω”and“γωυια”in Greek, the symbols e, ε and η for the error concur with “erratum”in Latin, the symbols d, δ and Δ for the residual agree with “διαφορα”in Greek, the abbreviations φ and λ (1) expressing latitude and longitude are derived from“φαρδοζ”in Greek and“longitudo”in Latin, and the symbols κ, φ, and ω showing the rotational angles of an aerial photograph coincide with “krabbe” or “krebs” (as “swing”or “crab”) in German “pechari (G. becher) ” (as “pitching (pitcher) ”) in Old High German and “Walzen” (as “rolling”) in German, respectively.

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The use of photogrammetry is limited in making a topographic map, but its useful application to the other scientific field which has been studying. The measurement using a non-metric camera had not been practical, because of the difficulty of correcting systematic errors of the camera. Recently the application of a non-metric camera to photogrammetric mensurations has been reported. Highly accurate measurement with a non-metric camera can be expected by correcting the systematic errors of the camera.
This report describes the result on the measurement obtained with the application of the Cameron effect due to false parallax. In our official trial in soil engineering field, we have studied on the application of the Cameron effect with respect to the settlement phenomenon in local media.

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PAR (Photosynthetic Active Radiation) is one of the important environmental factors to understand the plant activities. However, the incident PAR on ground surface is affected by the weather especially caused by cloud existence. In this study, we focus on the sky conditions formed by cloud existence and its effects of incident PAR on the ground surfaces. The purpose of this study is to estimate the direct and diffuse PAR by considering the effects of sky conditions change in the short time period. For this purpose, this paper describes the method how to discriminate and classify sky conditions by the ground based observation using whole-sky camera and the properties of direct, diffuse and global PARs shown at various sky conditions. As the result, 14 sky conditions were classified by sun appearance/hiding, cloud cover and sky brightness using whole-sky images taken around noon time. We could clarify the properties of incident PAR at each sky conditions. Also, we tried to estimate the global and diffuse PAR from the relationship between the observed PAR and sky conditions. It was confirmed that the possibility of incident PAR estimation using whole-sky image.

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We propose the new observation method of sky conditions instead of the existing visual observation. In this paper, we describe mainly how to take the whole sky imageries, the methodology how to discriminate sun, clouds and blue sky areas on the imageries, and the classification of sky conditions which are taken account of weather, sun appearance, cloud existence and sky brightness. As for the discrimination of sky conditions, we use Sky Index (SI) and Brightness Index (BI) calculated from whole sky imageries. SI shows the extent of the blueness and grayscale and BI indicates the extent of the brightness. Sun, cloud and blue sky areas are divided by SI and BI. Moreover, we introduce four sky parameters which can discriminate sun appear or not, fraction of cloud area (cloud cover), the extent of brightness in whole area and the extent of blueness in blue sky area on the whole sky images. Then, multi-temporal whole sky imageries are classified into each item of various sky conditions. The results of sky conditions observation are compared with the data observed at the local meteorological observatory.

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