Up till now the history of relations between the Ming Dynasty and the Ri Dynasty (李朝) has been studied from the viewpoint that the Ming Dynasty was better placed than the Ri Dynasty. In this paper, through the study of Sino-Korea relations at the time of the T'u-mu 土木 crisis (15 August 1449), the author attempts to find a clue to the tone of the Sino-Korean tse-feng 冊封 system. During the Cheng-t'ung 正統 era, the wo-k'ou (倭寇), who had been out of hand since the early Ming, began to be held in check. After the power of wo-k'ou faded away, the Oirat (オイラ-ト) extended rapidly their power from northwest China. In the early Ming period, the T'u-mu crisis symbolized this change of circumstances. With the advance of the Oirat, the emphasis of the Ming Dynasty frontier defense shifted to the northern frontier. The Ri Dynasty was closely connected with the Ming Dynasty's pei-lu nan-wo (北慮南寇) countermove; and just after the T'u-mu crisis, the Ming Dynasty demanded that Korea should send re-enforcements and twenty or thirty thousand horses to the Ming Dynasty. To begin with, the meaning of the demand for horses was that the maintenance of the tse-feng system was indispensable to both the Ming emperor and the king of Korea. Because it meant security against pei-lu nan-wo and the maintenance of a self-centered world order. Furthermore the author points out that Liao-tung Tu-ssu (遼東郡司) stood geographically between the Ming Dynasty and Korea and played important diplomatic and military roles. Liao-tung Tu-ssu which was in trouble side and outside the Ming Dynasty, took the initiative of demand for reinforcements in September and October 1449. The author concludes that! (1)It is necessary to consider that the Sino-Korean tse-feng system simultaneously in terms of the relations between the Ming emperor and the Korean king and the relations among Liao-tung Tu-ssu, the Korean king and the northdastern tribes. (2)It was necessary for the Ming emperor, Liao-tung Tu-ssu and the Korean king to maintain and make use of the tse-feng system.

抄録全体を表示

明清時代の貿易秩序を「朝貢貿易システム」として概括する見解に対し,近年では明初の朝貢体制にかわり,16世紀から「互市体制」が成長していったことが主張されている。本稿では14世紀末から16世紀末にいたる東アジア貿易秩序の変容と再編のプロセスを,6つの時期に分けて,海域・内陸アジアの双方について包括的に検討してみたい。14世紀末に成立した明朝の朝貢体制のもとでは,対外通商は明朝と周辺諸国との朝貢貿易に一元化され,民間貿易は禁止されていた。こうした朝貢体制は,15世紀初頭に最大限に達するが,15世紀中期からはしだいに動揺し,海域・内陸周縁地帯では,朝貢貿易の枠外に広州湾や粛州での「互市」が成長していく。16世紀中期までには,モンゴルや倭寇の略奪や密貿易の拡大により,朝貢貿易体制はほぼ破綻し,1570年前後には,明朝は華人海商の東南アジア渡航と,モンゴルとの互市を公認する。こうした貿易秩序の再編は,ポルトガルやスペインの新航路開拓による海外銀の流入とも連動して,多様な通商ルートが併存するあらたな貿易秩序,「1570年システム」が形成されたのである。

抄録全体を表示