The indoor thermal environments of 78 residential wooden houses in 8 cities of Tohoku district were investigated in winter seasons of fiscal years of 1979 and 1980. Eight cities are Aomori, Morioka, Sendai, Sakata, Yamagata, Akita, Kohriyama and Miyako. The results of the investigation are as follows. (1) In Aomori, the semi-vented oil heater with large capacity is used in 60% of the houses, while both unvented or vented oil heater and electric heater (Kotatsu) are used in 74% of the houses in the other cities. (2) Living rooms are heated about from 7 to 9 a.m. and from 7 to 10 p.m. in almost all of the houses. The air temperature at the point of 110cm high above the floor level in the living room is 18 to 25℃ during the heating time after supper. But the other rooms are un-heated almost all day long. The mean air temperature of the living room during the heating time after supper is 22.8℃ when the daily mean outdoor temperature is 0℃. At that time, the mean temperature of the bed room and the corridor are 8.6℃ and 6.2℃, respectively. (3) The air temperature difference between the points of 110cm high and 5cm high above the floor level in the living room is great during the heating time after supper. For example, the temperature difference is 7 to 10℃ when the outdoor temperature is nearly 0℃. (4) The clo-values of the husbands and wives are distributed from 0.75 to 1.50 during the heating time after supper. The difference of the clo-values among 8 cities and the inversely proportional relation between the clo-value and the room temperature could be found in the range of room temperature below 20℃ (5) The analysis by means of the quantification theory III shows that the indoor thermal environments of houses in Aomori and Akita are different from those of the other houses, and especially the houses settled with the semi-vented oil heater have the well tempered environment.

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In order to obtain the fundamental data on the thermal performance of semi-underground house, long-term field measurement of heating load was made using the twin-type test house constructed on the campus of Tohoku University in Sendai from January 11, 1988 to November 26, 1989, as well as computer simulation using two-dimensional finite element method. The indoor air temperatures of the test rooms were controled not to be lower than 20℃ by space heating. Main findings are summarized as follows : 1. Heating load through one heating season was about 1. 4 Gcal/season. 2. A horizontal insulation in the earth around the semi-underground room reduced about 10 % of heating load.

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The investigations on indoor temperature in various types of houses in Tohoku District have been continued since 1978. In this paper, the results of all investigated houses measured by the common method are totally analysed. The number of investigated houses is 139 units. These houses are devided into six types. The main results of this study are as follows : (1) The living room is only heated in almost all houses. The room temperature of 1.1 meter above the floor is 15 to 25℃ when the outdoor temperature is 0℃. (2) The vertical temperature gradient in the living room is so high. The ratio of vertical temperature difference to the indoor-outdoor temperature difference is 1/5 to 1/2 for all houses except the houses with a floor heating system. The ratio for the house with a floor heating system is near zero. (3) The temperature difference between the heated living room and the other unheated rooms is considerably high. The ratio of the difference to the indoor-outdoor temperature difference is scattered in the range of 0.2 to 0.9 in the main bedroom and in the range of 0.1 to 0.8 in the corridor and lavatory. (4) The lowest living room temperature early in the morning based on the outdoor temperature is 3 to 20℃. That of highly insulated houses is high. (5) The characteristics of temperature fluctuation of highly insulated houses with a floor heating system is so different from other houses. The indoor thermal environmnet is very good because the vertical temperature difference is low and the room temperature in the early morning is maintained to be high. Lastly, the indices of indoor thermal environment were devided into five ranks on the base of this investigation.

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Various factors affecting passive solar heating as reflected by room temperature profile were systematically computed by a simulation program based on the response factor method under various standardized climatic conditions. A single room model with the same scale as the test room was used. Such factors include the thickness of thermal insulation of building envelope, the area of south-facing window and the depth of thermal storage material. An important aspect of this computerized calculation method is that it takes account of the solar radiation distributed to all inner surface sections as well as the heat transfer due to the radiation exchange of long wave from surface to surface. The main results of the simulations are shown as follows. (1) The condition of solar radiation has much influence on both the level of room temperature and the degree of temperature swing. (2) When the thickness of insulation increases, the average temperature level rises. But this effect decreases with an increase in thickness. (3) Increase of window area causes a rise in room temperature level, but the degree of temperature swing in-creases further. This effect is remarkable in the case of small room and that with thermally inferior windows. (4) Thermal storage material has the effect of decreasing the degree of room temperature swing. But this effect does not appear when the thicknees of that material is over 15cm to 20 cm. (5) In order to reduce the temperature swing, it is more effective to increase the surface area of thermal storage material rather than to increase its depth. (6) Thermal storage material has a cooling effect during the daytime and a heating effect during the night. (7) The heating effect of solar radiation on a room with high capacity is larger during the night or sunless days than that of a room with low capacity. But the amount of the effect is much smaller than that during the daytime or fine weather.

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The air-tightness, indoor thermal environment, air quality and energy consumption in 13 units of highly insulated detached houses of wood-frame construction in and around Sendai city were investigated during winter of 1985. The results of this investigation are as follows : (1) Air-tightness The equivalent leakage area per unit floor area of investigated houses except for 2 houses was less than 8 cm^2/m^2. (2) Indoor thermal environment In the houses with a floor heating system, the room temperature was stable due to the heat storage effect of floor concrete slab, the vertical temperature gradient in the living room was small, and the globe temperature in the living room during the heating time after supper was 1.0℃ higher at the maximum than air temperature. In the houses with an oil heater, the air temperature at the point of 110 cm above the floor level in the living room was about 20℃ during the heating time after supper and was about 10℃ in the early morning. The vertical temperature difference between the points of 110 cm and 5 cm above the floor level in the living room was 4 to 8℃ during the heating time after the supper. The ratio of the temperature difference between the heated living room and the other unheated rooms to the indoor and outdoor temperature difference was scattered in the range of 0.4 to 0.8. (3) Indoor air quality The concentrations of CO_2 and NO_2 in indoor air of houses with unvented oil heater were high. In the houses with high CO_2 concentration, the concentration of NO_2 was also high. In some houses, the equivalent leakage area per unit floor area of which was less than 6 cm^2/m^2, the concentrations of CO_2 and NO_2 were so high. (4) Energy consumption The quantity of energy consumption for all uses in the houses with an oil heater was 11 to 15 Gcal per year and that in the houses with a floor heating system was 11 to 24 Gcal per year.

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This paper reports the experimental results of the performance evaluation of direct gain systems using a twintype passive solar test house. Bricks were used as thermal storage material. For purpose of our investigation, one test room having a brick floor with the depth of 30 cm was used for a reference, while the other for various types of direct gain systems. After the measurement of the temperatures at various points and the amount of solar radiation over a period of two to three weeks, the effects of the depth of bricks, the surface area of bricks in contact with room air, the carpet covering the brick floor, etc., on the room temperature profiles was evaluated by examining the two factors, "difference in daily mean temperature between inside and outside" and "difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures". The results were obtained as follows : (1) The room temperature fluctuation decreases with an increase in brick surface in contact with the room air. When the room has both a brick floor and brick walls 20 cm in depth, the temperature fluctuation decreases by 20 %. In such cases, the heat capacity equals that of the reference room with a 30 cm deep brick floor, and the brick surface area is 1. 5 times larger than that of the reference room. (2) An increase in the amount of thermal storage material is effective in decreasing the room temperature fluctuation. But when the depth of the brick floor is over 20 cm, the heat storage capacity of the portion over 20 cm under the floor surface has no significant effect on the room air temperature fluctuation. Therefore, it is more effective to increase the brick surface area and to decrease the depth of the bricks rather than to increase the depth of bricks. (3) The ratio of the air temperature fluctuation of a room having a brick floor covered with a carpet to that of a room without carpet turned out to be 1.3 to 1.4, because the absorption of solar heat and its release are restrained by the carpet. (4) When a room is equipped with brick floor and brick walls, the volume of which is 1.5 times greater than that of reference room and has an insulated weather shutters used at night as well as windows with triple glazings, the maximum air temperature is 23℃ during the daytime, and the minimum air temperature is 13℃ at day-break. It can be said that auxiliary heating is unnecessary in actual dwellings equipped with the same level of insulation and thermal storage as found in this type under the climatic conditions of Sendai.

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近年, 住宅に関しては健康性, 快適性に対する要求が高まりつつある.本格的な高齢社会を前にして, これらの要求に答えられるような住宅の整備が急務の課題であるといえるが, 北海道を除く寒冷地における住宅の室内環境は, まだまだ多くの問題を抱えている.本稿では, 寒冷地の住宅における暖房環境の問題点, 室内環境から見た住宅の断熱化・気密化の有効性および問題点を示し, それらが居住者の健康に与える影響について考察した.また, 室内環境の改善のためには居住者自身がまず問題意識を持つことが必要であり, 体験学習のようなことも含めた広い意味での啓蒙活動が必要であることを示した.

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In order to obtain the fundamental data on the thermal performance of semi-underground house, a twin-type test house was constructed in the campus of Tohoku University in September 1984. The test house has two rooms with the southfacing windows above the grade and the corridor situated between two rooms. The floor plan is the same as that of the passive solar test house already constructed in 1981. The floor level is 1.3 meter below the ground surface. The insulation of 0.1 meter depth and 1.35 meter width horizontally installed at the level of 0.3 meter below the ground surface surrounding the room on the east designated Room D. This insulation is called the Horizontal Insulation. The room on the west designated Room C has not such insulation. Total heat transmission factor of the construction above the grade is about 1 kcal/h℃ per floor area. The equivalent leakage areas per floor area for ΔP=1.0mmAq of Rooms C and D are 1.86 and 1.45cm^2/m^2, respectively. Both of the two rooms were remarkably airtight, compared to other recently constructed detached houses in Japan. Before the long-term field measurement, the profiles of two room temperatures and isotherms of soil surrounding the construction below the ground surface were estimated by computer simulation using two-dimensional finite element method, in order to investigate the effect of falling in of ground surface from the point of 4 meters apart from the east side of Room D. Calculations were made hourly for a year under the standard Sendai climate conditions. As calculated results, it was estimated that falling in of ground surface has little effect on room temperatures. All windows were insulated with weather shutters to avoid disturbing the heat gain due to solar radiation since October 1984. The outdoor air temperature, room temperatures, soil temperatures surrounding the construction, etc. were measured from 2 December 1984 to 8 October 1985. The results of the long-term field measurement are shown as follows : (1) The amplitude of yearly fluctuation of room temperature is half that of outdoor air temperature. Room D installed with the Horizontal Insulation is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Room C. The difference of temperatures between Rooms C and D is less than 1.6℃ at the maximum, appearing in February. (2) The amplitude of daily fluctuation of outdoor air temperature is about 15℃. But that of room temperatures is less than 2℃. (3) The isotherms in the soil covered with the Horizontal Insulation at the level of 0.3 meter below the ground surface is very different from that without such insulation. Generally, the temperature of soil covered with the insulation is higher in winter and lower in summer.

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This paper describes the problems related to snow for houses from the point of view of the building environmental engineering. So far, the researchers of building environmental engineering have been investigating the problems of low room temperature and vapor condensation for the residential buildings in Tohoku district. However, the problems related to snow should also be dealt with by the researchers in this field. In the areas of heavy snowfall, the snow accumulation on the roof and around the buildings causes many problems for indoor and outdoor environment. In many cases, these problems are linked with the treatment of the accumulated snow on the roof. There are many ways developed for disposition of accumulated snow on the roofs.
This paper, mainly dealing with the snow problems in Tohoku District, clarifies the impact of snowfall and its accumulation on the living environment. Secondly, various ways adopted for avoiding the snow related to problems are evaluated. Lastly, houses featured by the treatment of accumulated snow on the roof are assessed from the aspects of merits and demerits, and the conditions for their application are discussed.

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寒冷地域において脳卒中の発生率が高いことは広く知られており, 寒冷刺激に対する昇圧が発生のきっかけを増やしていると思われる.本論文は, 日常生活の中で, 高齢者の血圧が室内熱環境の影響をどのように受けているかを探ることを目的とした調査研究である.調査は夏季および冬季に, 郡山市内の一戸建て住宅に居住する高齢者および青年を対象に実施した.さらに, 室温の影響を確認するため, 冬季に, 室温を意図的に上げたうえで, 同様の調査を行った.調査項目は, 血圧, 皮膚温, 人体周囲温及び室内温度の24時間測定である.加えて, 住宅構造, 使用暖房器具, 被験者の健康状況の調査を行った.室内温は, 冬季は, どの住宅においても, 居間と他室に大きな温度差がみられた.血圧変動については, 室内温度の影響が少ない夏季には, 行動状況に対応して血圧が変動している様子がみられた.冬季については環境温の変動によって血圧が変動する傾向がみられた.なかでも, 日常の血圧が比較的高い男性高齢者について午前中に血圧と周囲温の相関が強くみられた.皮膚温と血圧の関係は, 着衣からの露出部位である手部との関係が強くみられたことより, こたつと石油ストーブを使用した一室暖房では, 身体の局所が冷え, 血圧変動が起ると考えられる.また, 暖房量を増加した場合の同様の調査では, 特に起床時の血圧上昇が緩和された.

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In order to obtain the fundamental data on the thermal performance of semi-underground house, long-term field measurement using a twin-type test house constructed in the campus of Tohoku University in September, 1984 was made in two situations, one in which the rooms had weather shutters from soon after the construction to October 8, 1985, and the other in which there were no such shutters from November 1, 1985 to March 31, 1987. The first-year measurement without solar incident and second-year measurement with solar incident are designated "Experiment #1" and "Experiment #2", respectively. Results of Experiment #1 were already reported, and this paper describes results of Experiment #2. The results of measurement in the case of Experiment #2 are summarized as follows: (1) The amplitude of yearly fluctuation of room temperature is 0.5-0.6 times as large as that of outdoor temperature. The amplitude of one room with horizontal insulation in the earth was about 10 % smaller than that of the other room without such insulation. This reduction of the fluctuation was almost the same as that in case of Experiment #1. It implies that the reduction as the effect of horizontal insulation was not influenced so much by solar incident. (2) The mean room temperatures in the case of Experiment #2 were about 3℃ higher than those in the case of Experiment #1 due to the heat gain by solar incident.

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This paper shows the experimental results on the thermal performance of the passive solar test house. The house contains two rooms which are south-facing and one corridor settled between the two test rooms. At first, it is confirmed that the two test rooms have the same air-tightness and the same daily air temperature profile. For one part of our investigation, one test room is equipped with a passive system and the other one is not equipped. For another part of our investigation, each room was equipped with a different type of passive system. After measuring the room temperature, the solar radiation etc., over a period of two or three weeks, the performance of the passive system is evaluated by comparing the indoor temperature profiles of the two rooms. The results of the experiments are shown as follows. (1) It was confirmed that the two test rooms had the same degree of airtightness and the same daily air temperature profile under the same conditions. (2) The air temperature of the room which gains solar radiation through the south-facing window reaches 45℃ in the daytime. The daily mean temperature of this room is about 10℃ higher than that of the room with no solar radiation. (3) The air temperature of the room with the night insulating weather shutter is about 5℃ higher during the night than that of the room with no shutter. (4) When the room is furnished with a partition made of insulating material, the air temperature of the northern portion of the room which gains solar radiation through the clearstory is 10℃ higher than that of the northern portion of the other room which receives no solar radiation.

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