In this paper the author examines the process of forming the Risturyo Military system in Japan from the Taika-Kaisin (大化改新) in A.D.645 to the Taiho-Ritsuryo (大宝律令) in 701, in terms of the international relations of the Far East. The Ritsuryo military system-Gundan (軍団)-was formed through a series of reorganizations that institutionalized and homogenized the miscellaneous and uneven internal footing organization of the Kokuzo-gun (国造軍), which was mobilized by Kuni-no-miyatsuko (国造) in the former Taika era. At first the Taika military reorganization happened, namely constructing arms depots, Heiko (兵庫), in every Hyo (評; the regrouped Kuni-no-miyatsuko territory) and forming fifty household conscription units. This reorganization speeded up grouping in training, increased the number of enlistees, institutionalized the internal organization, and systematized the ranks and command in war. In this way, the Kokuzo-gun change over into the Hyozo-gun (評造軍). The second stage was the process of organizing the relief army for Kudara (百済). In this process the Tenchi (天智) government mobilized the army and drilled troops for the purpose of actual fighting under Soryo (総領)-Kokusai (国宰)-via the Hyo as the centralized military administrative organ, and organized the task force founded upon the mobilized army in the Soryo district. But, in the battle of Hakusukinoe (白村江), The broken fighting formation of the Japanese army was defeated by the superior Taug (唐) army. This defeat exposed the insufficient institutionalization of the Hyozogun's internal organization. In the third stage, during a cricis after the defeat, the Tenchi government took a posture of defense in the form of fortified Ki (城) day and night. The administrative organ of Soryo-Kokusai-Hyo was used as the organ of fortification. So it was reorganized into a military district for resistance, which was a copy of the Goho (五方) system in Kudara. Through these processes the local administrative organ was strengthed, and could firmly rule the People. The four stage was the military reorganization by the Tenmu-Jito (天武・持統) government. Its aim was to found an army able to maintain the compulsory tributary relation between Japan and Shiragi (新羅). The Government formed the Heiseikan (兵政官) as its military administrative organ to reform the existing army on the model of Taug army. The Government carried out this plan in stages. Its contents are as in the following. 1)Establishment of the honor guard system by armed officers, which was a stage setting for tributary etiquette and a supporting officer coros. 2)Establishiment of the system of common drill and censor according to a manual, whose aim was to institutionalize and homogenize the internal footing organization of the Hyozogun. 3) Establishiment of the system of the centralized state military, thus eleminating personal elements from the Hyozo-gun by placing such command instruments as drum, fife, and battle frag under government control, and starting conscription based upon family registers. Finally, when the Taiho-ritsuryo was promulgated, Gundan were established, to be commanded by Gunki (軍毅) with 1,000 military effectives. Gundan were not bound to Gun (郡) territories, however it was the ultimate aim the military footing organization be enbodied by Gundan, which would have a common internal organization, uniform scale, and homogeneous drill progrum.

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近年、世界各地で歴史学、民族学的にも貴重な考古学遺跡が、調査・発掘方法、保存技術などで脚光を浴びている。そこで本論では、古代遺跡の技術を土木的観点から把握し、衛星リモートセンシング技術が遺跡探査方法のひとつとして活かせないか、いくつかの検討を試みたものである。対象とした遺跡は、福岡県太宰府市にある水城、大阪府堺市にある舌鳥古墳群(仁徳天皇陵)と、藤井寺・羽曳野雨市にまたがる古市誉田古墳群(応神天皇陵)である。検討方法としては、対象遺跡の特徴を把握後、人工衛星リモートセンシングを中心として文献調査、現地調査並びに風水の考え方などを導入した。これらの手法により得られた結果から、衛星リモートセンシング技術の遺跡探査への適用について考察したものである。

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It is wellknown, that a castle in Japan never had castle-walls enclosing its inhabitants as well as its warriors. But, these is on]y one exception, and that Is "Kogoishi" or an ancient Korean style hilltop fort. The characteristics of such a fort are that it had its stone walls surrounding hilltop and its vast outskirts, including flat ground, and spring water gates, which were constructed upstream with accumulated stones. Almost all of Japanese historians, archeologists and geographers have agreed that the fort like this was established in early 7th century in Northern Kyushu and Western Chugoku districts. This treatise aims to investigate the relations between the Korean style hilltop fort and Kokufu or the local capital, such as Sanuki (now Kagawa Pref.), Bingo (Hiroshima Pref.), Biichu and Bizen (Okayama Pref. ) in ancient Japan. As a result of investigation, it is clear that the forts located at the back of Kokufu, and that both of these were generally connected with each other by a smooth route. This fact does not always mean that the forts were built for the shelter of Kokufu' s inhabitants, though the fort and Kokufu coexisted at the same time. We have to take into consideration the following matters : there are many huge old mounds of the powerful clans, and the people residing thereby have had the similar legend ; e. g., one of the local powerful clans subjugated a demon and a harmful fish. Besides, Korean historian argued that it might have been constructed in 3-4 century in Korea and also in Japan. Considering these evidences, we should assume that some of these ancient Korean style forts had been built before the Kokufu was constructed. In other words, it may be safely concluded that the Kokufu plan seems to have been adopted from the Kogoishi or ancient Korean Style hilltop fort.

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