While on a tour of research in the north central part of Chiba-ken, known as Imba-gun, the writer found two hundred and nine sites of stone-age remains.According to patterns on the pottery and their forms, they were classified into eleven types.He has then endeavored to show which type occupies what part of the precinct.Some of the sites cover a wide area, while others are quite small.It is generally supposed that the former type is older than the latter.He hopes that this work will supply some data in the study of the geographical distribution of types of stone-age pottery in this County.

抄録全体を表示

羽根尾貝塚と泥炭層遺跡は,神奈川県小田原市羽根尾において発見された縄文時代前期中葉の遺跡であり,1998年から1999年にかけて筆者等により発掘調査が行われた。
遺跡はJR東海道線二宮駅西方約2.5kmに位置し,現相模湾より内陸に約1km入った地区にあたる。貝塚及び泥炭質包含層は地表下2～4mという深さに遺存しており,低位の幅狭い丘陵突端部の両側斜面と近接する同一地形の斜面計3カ所から発見されている。これらの斜面部には小規模な貝塚の形成のみならず,往時の汀線ラインに寄り着いたと考えられる多くの樹木類と木製櫂が点在している状況を加え,縄文前期海進により湾入した海水面汀線に沿った地点であったと考えられる。この汀線ラインには多くの人工遺物,自然遺物が廃棄されており,遺跡が埋没する中で低湿地化が進み,厚い堆積土の下に貝塚をも包み込むように泥炭層が形成されたのである。
標高22～24mを測る斜面部には当初前期関山II式から黒浜式の古段階にかけて貝塚が形成された。この全く撹乱を受けていない貝層中には,土器・石器類そして多くの獣・魚骨と骨角器が良好な保存状態で遺存しており,当時の相模湾において船を用いたイルカ・カツオ・メカジキ・サメ・イシナギなどの外洋性漁労が活発に行われたことが知られる。さらに貝塚の端部には屈葬と考えられる埋葬人骨1体も遺されていた。
貝層形成時及び直後の黒浜期に至ると貝塚こそ形成されなくなるが,貝層下端から斜面下方に残された泥炭質包含層中からは大量な廃棄された遺物類が出土した。
多くの遺物が検出されたが,中でもシカ・イノシシの獣骨類とイルカ・カツオの魚骨類は足の踏み場もないほどのおびただしい量が出土しており,水辺の動物解体場を考えさせる状況であった。
このように羽根尾貝塚と泥炭層遺跡からは縄文前期の相模湾岸で行われた陸上での動・植物採集活動と海浜での漁労という両面からの生活実態を知ることができる。また,その他の廃棄された漆器類,木製品類の豊かな木工技術を示す遺物を含めた文化遺物とともにまさに縄文前期のタイムカプセルといえる貴重な調査資料を得ることができた。

抄録全体を表示

Remains of the earliest Jomon age are found in limited areas in southern Kanto, in the suburbs of Yokohama and Mishima. There is no sign of a pit house, but fire places are discovered. The local community of that time would seem to equal in scope to the sites of the remains. A local community very often includes several villages or hamlets, which are located in group on topographical features; cape, head land, spit.
Those remains belong to the Hanazumi type, the Sekiyama type, the Kuro hama and Moroiso a.b.c. type. The largest plant of a pit house is 9×6m., whlie the smallest is 2.5×3m. The Minamibori shell mound was formerly a large village, which had five to ten pit houses with a central open space. Both the Fujioka and Fukuoka shell mounds were small hamlets with two or three pit houses.
The Oyaba shell mound was resided by one large family. Its pit house is 9×6m. in area.
Corroboration of the ancient society is difficult, but ethnological and archaeological facts may enable us to reason by analogy. Prehistoric villages, ancient communities, and the landowning groups differ in scope and structurally seem to be more complicated than is ordinarily supposed by scholars.

抄録全体を表示

Fragments of earthenwares of the Earliest Jomon age are found on a sea-cliff at Shimotakabora on the west coast of O-shima Island, Izu Islands (34°44.3′N., 139°21.6′E.). They are unearthed from the upper brown weathered ash of a unit layer constituting pyroclastic fall deposits exposed there. Associated with them, are found obsidian flakes, an angular block of biotite rhyolite pumice, several round pebbles of compact basalt, and a small amount of charred wood and bone fragments.
All the earthenware fragments are identified to be of the Hirasaka type of the Earliest Jomon age whose type locality is in the Miura Peninsula, South Kanto. Two samples of the obsidian flakes have been determined by fission track method to have the same uranium content and age as obsidian exposed on Kozu-shima Island about 60km south-southwest of O-shima. The biotite rhyolite pumice block is, in petrographic characters, similar to the biotite rhyolite from any one of Nii-jima, Shikine-jima or Kozu-shima Islands, all of which lie to the south-southwest. These obsidian and rhyolite pumice were brought by the Earliest Jomon (Hirasaka) men to O-shima Island for making living tools.
On the sea-cliffs at Onoue and Tatsunokuchi to the south of Shimotakabora, earthenware fragments of the Kayama, Kijima plus Sekiyama, Moroiso (?) and Odoriba types have been unearthed from the particular stratigraphic levels of superimposed pyroclastic deposits. The earthenware fragments of the Hirasaka type are found at the layer lying nine fall units below the level which contains the earthenware fragment of the Kayama type about seven thousand years old. As the time represented by a unit pyroclastic layer is thought to be a hundred and several tens of years, the earthenwares of the Hirasaka type may be brought to O-shima eight to nine thousands of years ago. This estimated age well coincides with that given so far to the type.

抄録全体を表示

The site called Fumonji, Tochigi Pref., lies in the Suburbs of Kiryu City. Our digging work was made in the period from Feb. 20 to Mar 5, 1948. At 60-80cm deep underground were inbedded the most early type of Jomon Pottery sherds and above these, namely in the middle or upper layer we also found three different parts of a dwelling dug in the Loam, probably of the Moroiso type. More than three thousands pieces intact or broken pebbeles, half or full worked stone implements and sherds of pottery were collected separately from the all eighteen 2-meters squares and 4 layers representing each main part of the site.
Stone used for these implements as materials, are mainly identified to be Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks, such as chert for blade tools, sandstone for axes, and igneous rocks, such as obsidian for arrowpoints, andesite and basalt for axes and hammer stone, etc. Technically remarkable points with these is that only angular flakes were produced, and marginal chipping is all dominant. Sometimes polishing and sawing are witnessed given for axes. The types and forms are classified as follows (see Fig. 2) :
Miscellaneous pebbles and boulders unclassificable as artifacts 980
Cores utilized for the production of angular flakes 65
Raw angular flakes of small and medium size 681
Apparently utilized angular flakes 33
Flakes with more or less chipped margins 32
Flakes with marginal chipping 9
Arrow points and spear heads 30
Axes 15
Potteries of the earliest Jomon types are presented : 1) A simple type with no pattern. 2) A type of twisted cord patterns. 3) Sherds with roll-stamped patterns. 4) Mito type. 5) Upper Tado type. 6) Lower Tado type. 7) Shiboguchi type. 8) Kayama type. Generally speaking roll-stamped patters, Kayama, Kurohama and Moroiso-types form the principal part of the whole materials (see Table 3 & 4).
Of the earlier Jomon type are found : 1) Lower Hanazumi type. 2) Sekiyama type. 3) Kurohama type. 4) Moroiso type. The sherds of middle and later Jomon types and Yayoi types are rarely to be found.

抄録全体を表示

There are about 103 shellmounds so far found in Japan which produce Haliotidae. Almost all of them are "H. gigantea GMELIN" We have few records available reporting how they were discovered. But it is most probable that the prehistoric men were attracted by the pearly colour of this shell. These ancient people adopted them as food and then as materials of implements and ornaments, lastly as a charm attributing some magic power. We Japanese use "Noshi", the animal of the shell boiled and dried, as a indication of presents. This custom is believed to originate in very early times. It is presumed that in earlier ages their consumers were limited to coast-side inhabitants who collected those shells in the neighboring sea and then the demand expanded to the inland areas in the later prehistoric ages. Some of these cases suggest us the way and the speed of the transportation of this kind of shells.

抄録全体を表示

The radiocarbon dates so far obtained from the Jomon and Yayoi periods in Honshu and the relevant periods in Hokkaido were plotted on a graph according to the chronological order of pottery types in archaeological framework. The distribution of plotted points is in general consistent with the chronological sequence of pottery types except for the earliest Jomon period. As to this period, plotted points of Hokkaido are markedly dispersed within a wide range of time and those of Honshu are inconsistent with the chronological order of pottery types. Moreover, in the latter there is a gap of 2500 years which is too long as to be assigned to the period of eight pottery types having no available radiocarbon date as yet. In this respect, the discrepancy between the radiocarbon date and the true age which is possibly due to the climatic change in the past seems to provide an adequate interpretation.

抄録全体を表示

The milk jug, the soy jug, kettle, the earthen teapot, the small teapot and so on, have the function of putting something in and pouring something into them. They have various forms according to their respective function, for example, pouring water into, boiling water or filtering tea. And also, they are made from various materials, i. e. the metal goods, the china and the sorcelain, accoring to their respective uses. Nowadays the plastic is discouered and the juicer and the teapot are electrified. Recently "Industrial Design" is attached importance, at the view point of rationality, economy and functions, they are made by means of mass production, they have the beauty of form due to their function. These vessels originate from earthenware in the Stone age. This paper treats the function and the form of them ascending to the Jomon period.

抄録全体を表示

Six different types of shallow water molluscan assemblages have been distinguished from the embayment deposits accumulated during the maximum stage of the post-glacial Jomon Transgression (ca. 6, 500-5, 000y.B.P.) in the southern Kanto, central Japan. These assemblages are also recognized in the embayment deposits of the very early stage as well as in the later stage of the transgression. In detail, however, their rise and fall are in harmony with the sedimentary history during transgression. In the early stage of the transgression, ca. 10, 000-7, 000y.B.P., the Crassostrea gigas-Anadara granosa-Batillaria zonalis assemblage and the Dosinella penicillata-Paphia undulata-Anadara broughtonii assemblage predominated in accordance with the development of muddy facies on the bottom of drowned valley. On the contrary, the sandy bottom assemblages, such as, the Meretrix lusoria-Mactra veneriformis-Umbonium moniliferum and the Meretrix lamarcki-Umbonium gigantium-Glycymeris albolineata assemblages, became dominant after the maximum stage of the transgression, from about 4, 500 to 2, 000y.B.P., during the reclamation stage of the embayment by the sandy materials provided from the adjoining rivers.
The intertidal assemblage, the Crassostrea assemblage, found in the innermost part of the bay is characterized by the association of several warm water species. Two steps of invasion of the warm water species are recognizable in the southern Kanto region. At the first step, ca. 9, 500-8, 700y.B.P., Anadara granosa, Anomalocardia squamosa and some other warm water molluscs appeared following the advancement of the Crassostrea assemblage into the embayment. The second step is at the beginning of the maximum stage of the Jomon Transgression, about 6, 500 to 6, 000y.B.P.. Molluscs of the tropical nature are the invaders of this step. They are represented by Ostrea pauluciae and Tellinimactra edentula. These warm water species rapidly declined in the later stage of maximum transgression, between 5, 000 and 4, 000y.B.P., and most of the species disappeared after 4, 000 years. Cause of disappearance of the warm water species has been said to be the lowering of water temperature. But it is known that the main cause of the disappearance is most probably attributable to the disappearance of their habitats, shallow muddy environment, rather than the lowering of water temperature.
There are many shell-mounds formed during the Jomon Era along the west coast of Tokyo Bay. Their situation and duration, relative abundance, and the change in species composition of shells can be explained by changes of paleogeography, sedimentary facies, and associated molluscan assemblages in and adjoining coastal areas of the embayments formed during the Jomon Transgression.

抄録全体を表示