Der Fosbury-Flop ist eine Sprungtechnik beim Hochsprung in der Leichtathletik, bei der der Springer bogenförmig anläuft und rücklings über die Latte springt. Diese Technik wurde 1967 vom Amerikaner Dick FOSBURY zuerst gezeigt. Dabei hatte sie nachfolgende Merkmale: hohe Anlaufgeschwindigkeit, kurze Absprungzeit, kurzer Einsatz der Schwungelemente, geringer horizontaler Bremsstoß, Überquerung der Latte mit körpernahen Armen.

　Danach erschienen eine neue Variante dieses Flops, die folgende Merkmale hatte: langsamer Anlauf, längere Absprungzeit, längerer Einsatz der Schwungelemente, großer horizontaler Bremsstoß, Überquerung der Latte durch Führung des lattennahen Armes. Nach diesen Merkmale wurden heute jene als „Power-Flop" genannt.

　In unserer vorausgegangenen Betrachtung wurde bestätigt, daß in dieser Technik heutzutage vier Technik-Typen—„Power-Flop A” , „Power-Flop B ' , „Speed-Power- Flop" , und „Speed-Flop —unterscheiden werden konnten. Dagegen besteht der Zweck dieser Betrachtung darin, daß zweckmäßigste Führungsweise in der Absprungsphase beim „Speed-Flop" , den heute sehr viele Weltklassespringern und japanische Spitzen­springern verwenden, ins klare gebracht werden soll.

　Darum wurden 32 Spitzenspringern in der Welt und in der Japan, die den „Speed- Flop" verwenden, als Betrachtungsgegenstand gewählt, und ihrer Absprungs weisen vom Standpunkt der Bewegungsmorphologie aus vergleichend analysiert wurden. Daraus ergab sich, daß beim „Speed-Flop” zwei Typen in der Absprungsweise unterscheiden werden konnten, die ganz andere Gestaltmerkmale hatten.

　Zum Schluß sei betont, daß nach der körperlichen EigentümlichKeit der Springern der Trainer diese zwei Typen passend unterschiedlich anwenden muß, um den Springern ihre beste Leistung erreichen zu lassen.

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Four types of flop technique are used in the high jump: “power flop A,” “power flop B,” “speed-power flop,” and “speed flop” (Watanabe, 2007). Most Japanese jumpers use the speed flop (Sakamoto, 1994), and this type of flop is the theme of this study.
There are many variations of the speed flop, even among world-class jumpers (Killing, 1989, 1994). Therefore, researchers suggest that there is not just one universal technique for the high jump; instead, there are different individual styles that are optimal for each jumper (Viitasalo et al., 1982; Killing, 1995b).
However, coaches cannot give technical training effectively without ideal models (Tidow, 1981). Thus, the purpose of this study was to propose ideal models for the technical training of speed floppers by classifying the speed flop into subcategories of technique.
Sixteen world-class high jumpers using the speed flop were selected as the subjects of this study. The technical form of the subjects was then classified based on qualitative analysis of their movement structure.
The results were as follows:
1) There were two types of take-off among the subjects.
2) The approach-run of subjects could also be classified into two types.
3) Correlations existed between the type of take-off and the type of approach-run.
Based on these results, the speed flop can be classified into two types, and these can be proposed as ideal models for technical training of speed floppers.
With structured instructional management of these two types of speed flop, coaches can offer more effective technical training to individual athletes. Moreover, since differences in ideal models affect the goal setting of fitness training and the type or form of training that needs to be done (Tancic, 1985b), it is concluded that classification of technique is essential for successful training in the high jump.

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　The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that affect the acquisition of vertical velocity at takeoff in the high jump, with a focus on body rotation and body extension. The subjects were 31 female high jumpers (official record: 1.71 ± 0.04 m) who participated in national-level competitions in Japan. We filmed their take-off motions using 2 high-speed cameras at 240 fps and calculated the kinematic data for their center of gravity. Body rotation and body extension were calculated as model angle change and model length change, respectively. The results obtained were as follows:
　1. In the former phase, when the model length was shortened, a vertical velocity of approximately 50% was obtained at takeoff. The rotation of the body contributed greatly to the acquisition of vertical velocity in the former phase, and extension of the body contributed greatly to the latter phase.
　2. Significant positive correlations were found between the vertical velocity at takeoff and the change in vertical velocity in the latter phase and the vertical velocity at the mid-point. The effect of the correlation was large between the vertical velocity at takeoff and the change in vertical velocity in the latter phase.
　3. Significant correlations were found between the vertical velocity at the mid-point and horizontal velocity and model angle at touchdown. In addition, a significant correlation was found between the vertical velocity at the mid-point and the model angle at the mid-point.
　4. No significant correlation was found between the change in vertical velocity in the latter phase and the body extension parameters in the latter phase. When the model angle exceeded vertical in the latter phase, the acquisition of vertical velocity by rotation and extension of the body became smaller. Therefore, not only the magnitude and speed of body extension but also the direction of extension influenced the acquisition of vertical velocity in the latter phase.
　These results suggest that obtaining a large vertical velocity in the latter phase leads to the generation of a large vertical velocity at takeoff, which usually determines performance in the high jump.

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  Taking off too near the bar in high jumping may cause injuries to the ankle or knee of the takeoff leg and make it difficult for jumpers to utilize their approach speed. These results lead to performance reduction eventually but no methodological approach for solving this problem has yet been presented in the relevant literature. The purpose of this study was to propose a new methodological approach for distancing the takeoff point further from the bar when high jumping using the flop technique, based on phenomenological analysis of two coaching cases in which a new training approach successfully solved this problem. The technical problem of taking off too near the bar might not be solved by relocating the starting point of approach run further back. With such a methodological approach, jumpers often feel a sense of “distance,” which automatically makes them extend their stride length on the approach, so that they take off at the usual takeoff point relative to the bar. Additional relocating of the starting point further back, which is beyond the scope of this automatic adjustment of stride length, prevents jumpers from performing the flop technique. The author adopted a new methodological approach during coaching of a female junior high school student who was facing the above technical problem. This methodological approach consisted of four learning steps. The first learning step was to perform the flop technique using an almost straight approach run from a frontal direction in relation to the bar, and the last step was performing the new target technique with a further takeoff point. The other two intermediate steps were to assist this transition. With this methodological approach, she was able to modulate her sense of distance first, and then she succeeded in distancing her takeoff point further from the bar. This technical change also allowed her to properly utilize her approach speed. During coaching of another female junior high school student who faced the same technical problem, the author adopted almost the same methodological approach, so that she also quickly succeeded in distancing her takeoff point further from the bar. Phenomenological analysis of these coaching processes suggested that this new methodological approach can be used for distancing the takeoff point further from the bar when high jumping using the flop technique.

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A strict technical model is needed to optimize technique training, but the high jump allows a wide range of technical variation, and thus technical models cannot be restrictive. This dilemma has been resolved by classifying the flop technique. However, it is currently uncertain how the target technique should be selected from those presented, and how the chosen technique should be taught. The purpose of this study was to obtain such fundamental knowledge of technique training in the high jump based on a case of successful skill correction in a male university athlete.
An 18-year-old male high jumper had used a jumping form resembling the “speed power flop” (Watanabe, 2007) until skill correction was implemented. The author advised him to change the target technique to the latest type of “speed flop” (Watanabe, 2010a) because daily observation of his jumps had suggested that his “biological type” (Vittori, 1971) was suitable for this technique. Within a few months, the athlete mastered the basic form of this technique and his personal record improved from 2.06 m to 2.14 m.
Although the selection made in this case finally proved to be reasonable, the athlete felt a sense of discomfort with the new technique when he succeeded in performing its basic form for the first time. He also insisted that he was unable to jump any higher with the new technique than with the original one. Thus, the author had difficulty in persuading the athlete to continue training with the new technique because, at that time, the decision to select this technique for him had not been justified by studies. This training process indicated that further research was required to develop a standard or a protocol for technique selection that is good enough to allow coaches not to be misled by athletes' statements of experiencing discomfort.
A further significant observation of this study was that the skill correction was triggered by changing the type of arm swing during the take-off phase. It was reported previously that changing the take-off leg can be used as a method for technique re-learning without being influenced by a previous skill. However, changing the take-off leg may lead to a significant reduction in performance during the process of technique acquisition. This case implied that changing the type of arm swing may be used as a method of skill correction with considerably decreased risk of significant performance reduction.

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Technique training is one of the most important components of high jump training (Killing, 1996). Since technique training in athletics can be defined as an individual process of approaching a given technical model, technical models play a crucial role in efficient technique training (Tidow, 1981, 1990). However, recent qualitative analysis of the high jump technique faces a difficulty in presenting strict technical models (Ritzdorf, 2008b). The purpose of this study was to reveal the problems that hinder the development of qualitative analysis of the high jump technique, and to identify the necessary steps for further research.
  The basic concept, objective, and methodology of the qualitative analysis of techniques in sport were discussed. Previous studies that could be regarded as providing qualitative analysis of the high jump technique were then collected, referring to lists of relevant literature (Schiffer, 2005a, 2005b, 2009). These studies were critically reviewed, and the development of qualitative analysis of the high jump technique was summarized.
  In the 1970s, the flop technique was classified into two types: the speed flop and the power flop (Doherty, 1977; Tancic, 1978). In the following decade, coaches and researchers began to think that power floppers were “extinct,” and the speed flop became the dominant technique in the high jump (e.g. Killing, 1989). However, subsequent analyses of the high jump technique revealed that there were many technical variations of the speed flop (Killing, 1994b, 1994c), and analysts faced a dilemma in that although a strict technical model was needed to optimize technique training, the high jump allows a wide range of technical variation, and thus technical models cannot be restrictive.
  This dilemma resulted from the rigid dichotomy between the speed flop and the power flop. However, techniques in sport are not rigid dogmas, but are in a state of continuous development (Meinel, 1960, p. 249). Thus, this dilemma can be resolved by updating the classification of the flop technique, and it is concluded that this update should be further subjected to qualitative analysis.

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