By applying a method of analyzing the plastic and quasi-elastic strain energies on the actual fatigue tests of carbon steel, the authors previously made clear the effect of temperature change in the atmosphere around specimens on the change in strain energy of one kind of carbon steel and obtained the ralationships between these energies and the structural changes appearing gradually on the surface of specimen. Furthermore, the dependence of the features of fractographs on the temperature conditions was also investigated.
In the present experiment, the following four cases were adopted as the temperature conditions of atmosphere around the specimen: (1) the constant temperature at +20±2°C up to rupture of the specimen, (2) the constant temperature at -20±2°C, (3) changing the temperature from +20°C to -20°C after a certain number of cycles and (4) changing the temperature in the reverse way of (3).
The main results obtained are as follows:
(1) The circumferential temperature change brought in a certain stage on the fatigue process has important effects upon several fatigue phenomena including the strain energy changes and the failure repetitions of a specimen.
(2) The change in the sum of quasi-elastic strain energy with the progress of fatigue can be expressed generally in Σ^q_q=1(U)_q=A·q^k up to rupture of specimen, where A is the initial value defined by the ordinary elastic energy calculation, q is the number of stress repetitions, k is a constant depending upon the property of test material, the method of experiment and the circumferential temperature condition.
Using this expression and the statistical values for the fatigue life (N) and Σ^q_q=1(U)_q obtained by the test under the constant temperature condition (+20±2°C), the fatigue lives under other temperature conditions can be inferred approximately.
(3) If the sum of the plastic strain energy, Σ^q_q=1 (E_p)_q, is plotted logarithmically, two nodal points C and D appear. The point C appears to have relation with the occurrence of a slip band, and the energy quantity at this point was a constant about 10kg-m, independent of the stress amplitudes and of the temperature conditions. Therefore, it was found that the critical value of the energy accumulation in a specimen was related probably to the origination of the slip band. On the other hand, the point D appears to have connection with the appearance of intrusions, and the critical energy is considered to have relation to their appearance.
(4) Fractographs collected in the vicinity of the central portion of the fracture surfaces were studied and it was found that their features were dependent upon the temperature conditions after change.

抄録全体を表示

Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011) resulted in the serious accident of Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant. Since this gave rise to the influential possibilities of radiation exposure, Japanese government ordered a series of evacuation instructions. This article aims to examine the significance of all the reaction related to the spatial establishment, made allowance for the fact that the radioactivity in evacuation zone entails necessarily the influence on human being as well as environment itself. Concretely first the establishment and reorganization of evacuation zone will be arranged in chronological order, thereafter argument regarding a criterion of the low level radiation will be outlined. Second comparing to so-called Chernobyl Law as a similar case in Fukushima Pref., Japanese state-practice will be relativized to the recommendation of the UN special rapporteur. Finally the individual reaction in the outer areas of evacuation zone in terms of the low level radiation will be examined.

抄録全体を表示

Using the values of deflections which can be measured easily during the rotatory bending fatigue test of a specimen, and considering also the stress distribution on the cross section of the specimen, the authors have devised a method to analize quantatively the plastic and quasi-elastic strain energies per cycle and their accumulation.
In this paper a report is made of the devised method as applied to fatigue tests of two kinds of carbon steels including different pearlite patches.
The main results obtained from the research are as follows:
(1) The pearlite patch not only causes structural changes by fatigue but prevents propagation of cracks.
(2) The change in quasi-elastic energy accumulation with the fatigue process can be expressed in Σ^q_q=1(I_RRAD.E)_q=Aq^K up to the occurrence of micro-cracks on the surface of the steel specimen including gross patches and fracture of the specimen including fine patches.
(3) If the plastic strain energy accumulation is plotted against the number of cycles on a log-log paper, four nodal points appear dividing the process of fatigue in five stages. The second nodal point in the initial fatigue appears to have relation with the yield of materials. Then, a fine slip appears in the vicinity of second nodal point, a slip band at about third nodal point and a intrusion at about fourth nodal point. The energy quantities at the third and the fourth points were a constant to the respective point, independent of the stress amplitudes and of the pearlite patches. The energy quantity required for the fracture of specimen was a constant to each stress amplitude.

抄録全体を表示

In connection with the structural changes taking place during the fatigue test of metals, the various concepts of micro-cracks do not seem to have been made clear, and various innovations of technical terms have been proposed by different investigators to designate these concepts.
Since no systematic studies have been made of the relationships between these terms much confusion has been occasioned in the use of these terms.
In this paper these relationships are argued and a new system of nomenclature is proposed in order to make this matter clear. The concepts and appellations argued here are the surface notch (or top), the fissure, the surface disturbance, the persistent slip band, the intrusion (or extrusion) and the sub-microscopic crack.
The main conclusions from the present research are as follows:
(1) The surface top and notch suggested by Prof. Wood on the metallographic taper section or the approximate taper section of polycrystalline copper specimens are equivalent to the extrusion and the intrusion of small size. Because they cannot be removed by annealing but are connected with the fissure, their occurrence implies the initiation of fatigue damage.
(2) In the views of the authors the fissure, the persistent slip band and the deep intrusion are the phenomena that would also appear whatever different things were tried by the same method of observation, and their origination means the occurrence of the decisive fatigue damage.
Consequently, the authors suggest that they must be micro-cracks.
(3) The block movements observed between the blocks divided by the micro-cracks can be suppressed more or less by silver plating.
(4) The assignment of concepts for origination of sub-microscopic cracks is to be made when the phenomena of hardening are saturated. This assignment of concepts is not applicable to the fatigue of copper polycrystal.

抄録全体を表示

アミロイドジスと多発性骨髄腫, 対象群との再評価
多発性骨髄腫(以下MM)症例の15%にアミロイドオジズ(AMとする)があり, さらに形質細胞異常およびParaproteinemiaにもPrimary AMの症例の報告がある. これらの観察から形質細胞の機能異常, 免疫グロブリン産生の乱れがAMの沈降に重要なる因子であるとの結論が導きだされる. 特にBence-Jones蛋白がAMの主要成分とされ, 更に最近の研究によるとAmyloid fibrilと種々の免疫グロブリンのLight chainの一部とが構成上, 密接なる関係があると述べられている. これに対し, ヒトAMにParaproteinemiaがみられないこと, 実験的研究でもAMと高グロブリン血症とは必ずしも一定の関係がないとされている.
MMにおけるAMの合併の文献は, 多くは症例報告であり, 対象群をおいて系統的に検討している研究は少ない. 特にアミロイド沈着と加令とが密接なる関係が, 重要視されている現在, 対象群(同年令者の他疾患症例)をおいての研究が必要であることはいうまでもない. そこで著者らは, MM 35例と対象例138例とを比較検討し, 次のことを明らかにした. 1)MM症例のアミロイド沈着には, 加令により特に増強されるという傾向があり, 2)MM症例と対象症例とのアミロイド沈着における剖検上での区別することは難しい. 3)しかしRenal tubular castsの電顕所見はMM症例の特徴所見であり, 対象群では認められなかつた. さらに心臓, 血管系における大量のアミロイド沈着は両群ともに認められ, MMにおける必発の症状ではない. 以上のことからMMにおけるAMの合併は, 以前の報告に見られるよりも頻度が少ないものと思われるが, 免疫グロブリン, あるいは免疫グロブリンFragmentsがAMの病因には重大なる関係があり, さらに組織沈着するためには, 付加的因子の必要性があると思われ, 今後一層の検討を要するという. (表7, 写真2, 文献52)

抄録全体を表示

　若年性大腸ポリポージス(Juvenile polyposis coli)の姉妹を報告した.いずれも20歳代である.また同一家系内に大腸ポリープ,大腸癌患者が多発している.二人とも下痢,下血,下腹部痛を主訴として来院した.注腸造影,内視鏡検査でいずれも大腸に多発性の,有茎性で表面は分葉状,顆粒状のポリープを認めたが,妹のポリープはやや小さく,表面は平滑のものもみられた.姉は内視鏡的に,あるいは開腹し,計13個のポリープを摘出し,妹はすべて内視鏡的に計9個のポリープを摘出した.　組織学的には若年性ポリープと類似しているが部分的に大腸腺腫と同様の異型腺管が混在していた.姉妹とも,治療後,それぞれ6年及び2年経た現在,特に症状もなく健在である.本症の本邦報告は自験例を含め12家系14例である.これら報告例の検討から大腸腺腫症との関係において興味深い.ポリープ発生個数は家族性大腸腺腫症と比較して遙かに少ない症例が多く,特にわれわれの例では10数個であり,診断,治療上,内視鏡的ポリペクトミーが有用であった.

抄録全体を表示

　便潜血検査(FOBT)陽性の精査目的で1004例の全大腸内視鏡検査(TCS)が施行され.大腸癌81例(8.1%,進行癌43例・早期癌39例)が発見された.大腸癌の最終的治療内容はポリベクトミー25例・粘膜切除1例・外科的切除51例・その他4例であった.試算によると,TCSによる二次検診により,FOBT 100,000件あたり少なくとも数十例の大腸癌死と治療上のQOL低下を予防でき.ると推測された.

抄録全体を表示

肉眼的血尿を主訴とする58歳の男性で, 右尿管下端部の閉塞による巨大尿管と下大静脈後尿管の重複奇形のため無機能となった巨大水腎症に腎盂腫瘍を合併した極めて稀な症例を報告する.
腎盂腫瘍は母指頭大乳頭状広基性で, 萎縮した腎実質に広汎に浸潤し腎被膜まで達していた. 組織学的に腫瘍は, 一部で腎細胞癌に類似した明るく豊富な細胞質を有する細胞が密に配列していたが, 組織化学的に検索することにより, 腎盂移行上皮癌の clear cell change と診断できた.
下大静脈後尿管に合併した腎盂腫瘍としては, 本邦3例目と思われる。原発性巨大尿管と下大静脈後尿管の重複奇形の報告例は, 調べ得た限りでは, これまでになかった。
本症例の巨大尿管の原因として, 組織学的に尿管膀胱接合部の尿管弁が示唆された。

抄録全体を表示