1) It is demonstrated on a new “glycerine spot method” (1952, Kotsuka) that there exist vagal vasoconstrictor fibers in the mesenterium of frogs and bullfrogs besides alrady verified vagal vasodilator fibers.
2) The above findings demonstrate that the blood vessels of frog's and bullfrog's mesenterium are subject to a double vagal innervation.
3) It is evidenced that there exist vagal vasoconstrictor fibers, vagal vasodilator fibers, anterior sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers and posterior sympathetic vasodilator fibers in the vagosympathicus of frogs and bullfrogs. The blood vessels of mesenterium are subject to vasomotor innervation of these fibers.

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1. The absorption test of group-specific agglutinins was used to identify blood-group ABO activities of the erythrocytes and water-soluble fractions obtained from the pepsin digests of gastric mucosa in toads, Xenopus laevis and frogs, Rana catesbiana, and in addition, the group-specific precipitation reaction was used for these water-soluble fractions.
2. The erythrocytes of the toads do not contain any substances on blood-goup ABO system, whereas that of the frogs contain blood-group B substance.
3. It was confirmed that the toads have high AH antigenicity, and the frogs have high BH antigenicity with xeak A activity so far as the water-soluble fractions is concerned. The evidence that rabbits produce high titre of anti-A antibody after injection of the formcr's preparation and high titre of anti-B antibody after injection of the latter's one shows these water-soluble fractions to be an antigenic substance but not to be a hapten-like substance.
4. Treatment of the water-soluble fractions by four kinds of glycosidases elucidated that A antigenicity in the toads and B antigenicity in the frogs are determined by α-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl and α-D-galactosyl residues, respectively, accompanying low level of serological changes from A to H and from B to H.

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The surface areas of the utricular and saccular maculae were measured with a digitizer on SEM micrograph. This was not possible in the lagenar macula because lagenar macula was not a single plane. The hair cell population of three maculae was obtained by counting each hair cell on the micrograph. The results were as follows.: The mean value of the surface area was 0.34mm² in the utricular macula and 0.24mm² in the saccular macula. Hair cell population was 9946 in the utricular macula, 2583 in the saccular macula, and 3610 in the lagenar macula. Hair cell density of the utricule was much higher than that of the saccule.

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1) Action potentials of atropinized bullfrog's heart are increased when the peripheral cut ends of vagus nerves are stimulated within the cranial cavity on a new “glycerine spot method” (Kotsuka,1952).
It is demonstrated electrophysiologically that there exist efferent cardioaccelarator fibers in a bullfrog's vagus nerves.
2) The height of action potentials of the normal bullfrog's heart is decreased when the peripheral cut ends of vagus nerves are stimulated within the cranial cavity on a new “glycerine spot method” It is evidenced electrophysiologically that the heart of bullfrogs is subjected to a “parasympathetic double efferent innervation”.
3) It is revealed electrophysiologically that there is no qualitative difference between efferent vagal cardio-accelerator effects and sympathetic cardio-accelerator effects of bullfrogs.

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1) It is demonstrated on a new “glycerine spot method” (1952, Kotsuka) that efferent vasodilator fibers and efferent vasoconstrictor fibers exist in the oculomotor nerve in bullfrog's and frog's external eye muscles.2) It is interpreted that the blood vessels of bullfrog's and frog's external eye muscles are subjected to “double oculomotor innervation”.3) It is revealed on a temporarily designated “carmin nicotine microinjection method” that oculomotor vasodilator fibers and oculomotor vasoconstictor fibers have their own origin in the mesencephalon.

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1 Seasonal variation was shown on whole blood group activities of gastric water-soluble fractions from Xenopus laevis and Rana catesbiana, giving the lowest activities in around January and the highest ones in autumn. Among three fractions prepared, phenol-soluble and 50% ethanol-precipitates, phenol-soluble and 90% ethanol-precipitates, and phenol-insoluble fraction, the highest blood group activities were located in the first fraction.
2. The first fraction was analyzed to be a kind of glycoprotein consisting of carbohydrate and protein as major components. Galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, galactosamine were chromatographically identified in both acid-hydrolyzates with minute amount of pentose and uronic acid. The molar ratio of the component sugars, galactose : glucose : mannose : methylpentose : glucosamine : galactosamine : pentose : uronic acid was approximately 3 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 7 : 9 : 0.4 : 0. 3 in Xenopus, and 3 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 4 : 16 : 0.5 : 0.4 in Rana, The same molar ratio on preceding four sugars was fouud in the two kinds of frogs. In addition, there is little difference on kind of the component amino acids between Xenopus and Rana, among which the amount of serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, glycine and alanine were larger. Phosphate, sulphate and organic acids were also confirmed as other acidic components.

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The riboflavin content was determined by the lumiflavin fluorescence method and the ratio of 3-types of riboflavin (FMN, FAD and free form) by paper chromatography. Average content of riboflavin in the retina of bull frog was 1.06μg/g. Among the 3-types of riboflavin, FMN occupied the most part and FAD followed, but free form was not found.

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各種動物ミクロゾームにおけるチトクロームP-450含量, アニリンの核水酸化活性およびジメチルアニリンのN脱メチル化活性を比較した.
N-脱メチル化活性はラット肝>モルモット肝>ハト肝≧肝≧トノサマガエル肝>ワモンゴキブリ脂肪体>コイ肝>ミツバチ腹部>ニカメイチュウ全虫体の順であった. ワモンゴキブリ中腸, イエバエ腹部および頭胸部, ミツバチ頭胸部, カイコ脂肪体および中腸では活性は認められなかった. 核水酸化活性はとトノサマガエルが哺乳類に次いで活性が高く, 昆虫ではワモンゴキブリ脂肪体を除いて活性は認められなかった. チトクロームP-450含量はハトおよびコイを除いた脊椎動物で比較的高く, 昆虫では低かった.
チトクロームP-450と酸化活性, すなわち両基質に対する酸化活性レベルは必ずしも平行関係にはなかった. これは動物種による natural inhibitor の存在およびチトクロームP-450の安定性と基質特異性が関与しているためと考えられる.

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It has long been demonstrated that in cardiac muscle alterations in the extracellular pH exhibit a remarkable inotropic effect, whereas the precise mechanism is not fully clarified yet in spite of many associated thories. In recent years, however, abundant informations about the processes of excitation-contraction coupling (E-C coupling) of cardiac muscle have been obtained. Accordingly, the mechanisms of inotropic actions of pH on cardiac muscle must also be reexamined on the basis of these lately developed theories of E-C coupling. In the present experiment, therefore, we attempted to elucidate the fundamental mechanism of actions of pH upon several processes of E-C coupling using the bullfrog atrium whose processes of E-C coupling have been fairly well known. The preparation used in the present experiments were the atrial muscle bundles isolated from the bullfrog (Rana cathesbiana). The effects of changes in the external pH on action potential (AP), twitch tension and potassium contracture were observed in one series of experiments, in which AP was developed by means of double glycerol gap method and potassium contracture, by replacing a Ringer solution with a contracture solution containing 100 mM KCl. In the second series, the membrane potential was depolarized to the required levels in order to observe the effects of pH on the membrane currents and contraction. The voltage clamp appratus for the experiment was the same to those used by New and Trautwein (1972a). The pH was set to required values by bubbling with adequately mixtured gases (100% O₂ and 100% CO₂), or by adding the appropriate amount of NaOH to the Ringer solution containing 2 mM each of a acetylglycine, maleic acid and Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminonethane.

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両棲類と温血動物の胃筋層における内在神経要素の分布様式について, 光顕並びに電顕的に観察し, 膜電位などとの相関からその役割について考察した.cholinergic neuronないしnerveの染色は, AchE inhibitorの閾濃度を応用したthio-choline法 (Karnovsky & Roots) によった.また, adrenergic nerve elementの光顕観察はcatecholamine螢光線維についておこなった.以下はガマの胃における成績を中心に述べる.
1.ガマの胃筋層はAchE陽性の神経要素が極めて多く, cholinergic innervationを強く受けているが, 食用ガェル, ウサギ, ネコではこれらの神経要素はかなり乏しい.
2.ガマ胃平滑筋の細胞膜電位値は部位によって異なる.すなわち, 噴門側は幽門洞部よりも, 小彎側は大彎側よりもそれぞれ低い膜電位値を示した.
3. 組織学的には, 噴門側は幽門洞部よりも, また, 小彎側は大彎側よりもそれぞれAchE陽性の神経細胞および神経線維が密在していた.すなわち, 膜電位値の分布 (又は興奮性) はAchE陽性の神経要素の分布密度に対応していた.従って, ガマの胃平滑筋では, 膜電位の分布を規整する神経分布像はcholinergic fiberであろうと考えられた.
4. ガマの胃壁内には, カテコラミソ螢光を発する神経節細胞は認められなかった.カテコラミン螢光線維は, 通常AchE陽性の神経節の周りを囲んで存在するか, または血管壁周囲をとりまいて認められた.
5.カエル胃の筋線維間に分布するカテコラミン螢光線維は, ネコの胃などに比べるとかなり乏しい.従って, カエル胃では, 平滑筋層に対するアドレナリン性線維の直接の支配は存在しないものと考えられた.またカエル胃では, 5-HTに由来する螢光線維は認められなかった.
6.一般にどの動物の胃においても, 筋層間神経叢内の神経節では, cholinergic neuronに対して壁外性のニューロンに由来するノルアドレナリン性線維がシナップスを形成することがうかがわれるが, 電顕的にも同様の所見が認められた.結局胃運動の抑制機構はAuerbach神経叢におけるシナップス機構に求められる.
7.神経一筋接合部はガマでは著しく発達しているが, ネコ, ウサギなどでは神経終末も少なく, かつ, 接合部間隙も大きい.筋一筋接合様式としては, イヌやウサギでは細胞間橋様の突起像やNexus様構造が認められるが, ガマではこれらの接合像は殆んど認められない.少くとも三重膜構造を示す接合像は認められなかった.従って, ガマでは機能的には多数の運動単位が存在し, かつ, それらが同期して活動する程度はかなり低いものと考えられた.
8.ガマの神経終末ないし軸索膨大部に含まれるシナップス小胞は, 直径が450～700Åの無顆粒小胞, 1000～1500Åの大型顆粒小胞および少数ではあるが, 直径350～600Åの小型顆粒小胞に分類された.これらのシナップス小胞の性質ないし役割について考察した.

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1. Blood vessels in a bull-frog's tongue are constricted when the cut peripheral end of hypoglossal nerves is stimulated with a new “glycerine spot method” and mechanical stimulation method. It is evidenced that there exist the efferent hypoglossal vasoconstricting nerves in a bull-frog's tongue.
Hypoglossal nerves have been classically believed to be pure somatomotor nerves in the cerebral nerves. But it is demonstrated in the present experiment that vasoconstricting nerves which are visceromotoric exist in the hypoglossal nerves in a bull-frog.
2. Pertaining to a bull-frog, hypoglossal nerves are equivalent in terms of vasomotoric function to the anterior root of spinal nerves.

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A thiamine derivative such as thiamine hydrochloride, thiamine naphthalene-2,6-disulfonate or thiamine naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate was added to wheat flour, and its stability was tested in the presence of riboflavin and calcium carbonate when the flour was stored at room temperature for 90 days in summer. Thiamine naphthalene-2,6-disulfonate was most stable, while thiamine hydrochloride was most unstable. Simultaneous addition of riboflavin seems to increase the stability of the thiamine derivatives added to wheat flour.

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Muscle spindle is a strain gauge in skeletal muscles in vertebrates. The mechanism transducing from mechanical displacement of the sensory axon terminal to electrical afferent signals has been studied electrophysiologically using an air-gap method. However, mechanosensitive ion channels presumed on the sensory axon terminal membrane have not been characterized, because the diameter and length of the non-myelinated axon terminals are too thin (<0.1μm) and too long (>100μm) to study under patchor voltage-clamp condition. This review explores linkages between putative mechanosensitive channels and functional architecture in the processing of sensory information in frog muscle spindles.

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