The present article reexamines the longstanding debate over the Northern Wei Dynasty's disbandment of tribal peoples within its territory, through an analysis of the words, 太和十二年, 代都平城改俟懃曹, 創立司州, contained in the epitaph of Yuang Chang 元萇, discovered in the city of Jiyuan, Henan Province in 2003. The author begins with the characters siqincao 俟懃曹. Siqin 俟懃 designates the bureaucratic name given to tribal chieftains among the Kumoxi and Murong-bu among the Xianbei people as well as the Rouran, and is similar to the Turkut Irkin 俟斤. From the fact that the Murong-bu governed their tribes by installing eight sili 俟釐 in the central, eastern, etc. areas of their territory, siqincao, which combines the Hui term 俟懃 with cao, the Han term for administrative center, therefore means tribal area governance agency, which is expressed in the Weishu 魏書, as Babu Daifu 八部大夫 (hereafter Baguo 八国), Liubu Darenguan 六部大人官, etc. Next the author examines the development of the Sinqincao (Baguo) agency. In contrast to the conventional understanding that the Baguo administrative system was gradually downsized into six, then four jurisdictions, to be completely abandoned during the reign of Emperor Xaowen (467-499), the author argues that 1) the institution of Baguo was created based on the nomadic traditions of such peoples as the southern Xiongnu and Xianbei and 2) the four jurisdiction Sibu 四部 system instituted during the reign of Emperor Taiwu (408-452) was still headed by eight chieftains and therefore represented no substantive change from the Baguo system. The Baguo system continued in tact until the 2nd year of the Taihe era (488), when its jurisdictions were renamed Sizhou 司州. Finally, the author investigates the meaning of the abandonment of the Sinqincao system in favor of Sizhou. It was in the 1st year of the Tianxing era (398) that Emperor Daowu established a permanent capital at Pingcheng, divided the kingdom into the Jinei 畿内 (capital) and Jiaodian 郊甸 (outer provincial) regions and established Sizhou for the purpose of governing the Han people residing there. At the same time, Siqincao (Baguo) was established to govern the northern tribal peoples inhabiting the two regions. The Baguo system continued in tact changing in name only from Liubu 六部 to Sibu then back to Liubu until its abandonment in 488, at which time, Emperor Xiowen placed the northern tribes under Sizhou governance, to be uniformly administered according to geo-political (junxin 郡県) districting. Therefore, the tribal disbandment carried out by Emperor Daomu cannot be said to have involved actually breaking up tribal households and registering people like Han inhabitants; but rather signifies tribal peoples affiliated with the Wei Dynasty being placed under the direct rule of the Wei emperor and governed by means of the Sinqincao system.

抄録全体を表示

本研究の目的は,急性期病院における認知障害高齢者に対するパーソン・センタード・ケアを目指した看護実践の内容を明らかにし,看護師による自己評価尺度を開発することである.2014年9月に2か所の急性期病院の病棟に勤務の看護師を対象とした.看護師には自記式調査票を配布し,記入を依頼した.283人を対象に探索的因子分析を用いた結果,因子負荷量の低い項目を削除し,19項目4因子から構成されていたことが明らかになった.Cronbachのα係数は4因子とも0.797以上,再テスト法で相関係数が0.7以上であった.構成概念妥当性として共分散構造解析の結果,適合度指数はGFI=0.912,AGFI=0.863,RMSEA=0.721であった.潜在変数と観測変数間のパス係数は0.53〜0.87と有意に高かった.併存妥当性は認知症の人に対する態度尺度の合計得点との相関係数を算出したが,本尺度との有意な相関関係がみられた.以上の結果から,本尺度は尺度として信頼性・妥当性が高いことが明らかになった.

抄録全体を表示

The Northern Chen 北鎮 during the Northern Wei period has been by now studied from the view point of its military system. Accordingly the Chen-jen who were listed in the Chen's registration were regarded as the soldiers of the Northern Wei army. We suppose, however, that the Chen-jen means the people under the Chen's civil administration, and that there was no crucial difference between the soldiers and the people in the Northern Chen, unlike the obvious difference between the "Ch'eng-jen" 城人 and the "Chou-min" 州民 in the interior regions. If we compare the "Ch'eng-jen" and the "Chen-jen" in the Northern Chen, it can be understood that the fixed "Ch'eng-jen" were only the ones who were exiled to the Chen, and that the "Chen-jen" were originally the producers who settled in the "Hsiang-li" 郷里 or the "Pu-lo" 部落, and when necessary, were conscripted as soldiers. Their main occupations were agriculture and stock-farming. Concerning the revenue and the land-holding system, they seemed not soldier-farmers (屯田) but the land-hold farmers who were registered in the "Chun-t'ien" 均田 system. They were also independent stock farmers, though they must have differed from the agricultural Chen-jen as the social system. Therefore the "Hsiang-li" and the "Pu-lo" were the societies which the independent producers, that is, the Chen-jen formed spontaneously. In the end of the Northern Wei, there became created the differentiation between the powerful "Hao-ch'iang" 豪強 and the poor "Hsi-min" 細民 in the Northern Chen society. When the Chen-jen served as the soldiers, they were used to destroy their own society, for they were under the control of the Chen officials who tended to appreciate the Hao-ch'iang to dominate the Hsi-min. This was the circumstance of the Liu-Chen 六鎮 Rebellion. In this situation, the "Hao-chieh" 豪傑 and the "Hao-hsia" 豪侠, who became the political leaders of the Later Northern Dynasty, formed the core to unify the people in the Hsiang-li society.

抄録全体を表示