1. Roost-dead Grey Starlings, Sturnus cineraceus, were collected through the winter roosting period at three large roosts, Koshigaya in Saitama, Shinhama in Chiba and Kozukue in Kanagawa Prefectures.
2. The roosts were used from November to middle March. The dead birds were found from January at Koshigaya and from Feburary at Shinhama and Kozukue.
3. Research areas for collection of roost-dead birds were marked, which were 33m². (total of 3 sections), 116m². (total of 3 sections) and 466m². (total of 4 sections) at Koshigaya, Shinhama and Kozukue respectively. But, actual research area for dead-bird collection was much larger at Koshigaya, and these research areas covered 50%, 30% and 90% of entire roosting areas at Koshigaya, Shinhama and Kozukue respectively. In all, the numbers of dead birds collected were 40 at Koshigaya, 10 at Shinhama and 24 at Kozukue, and except only 5 examples, the cause of death was a same kind of disease. Two Dusky Thrushes and one Brown-eared Bulbul, probably of this cause, were found dead.
4. The total number of roosting birds were determined by counts of returning birds to the roost which was: 50, 000 birds at Koshigaya, 8, 000 birds at Shinhama and 6, 000 birds (probably underestimated owing to a windy day count) at Kozukue.
5. The pathological diagnostic symptoms characteristic to the roost-dead birds were: 1) Cranial hemorrhage of various degrees occurring in the brain and skull (between the bony plate) which often accompanied severe orbital hemorrhage and protrusion of eye-balls caused by 'flooding' of the brain into the orbit. 2) Congestion of various degrees in the lung, which is usually heavier on the right side. 3) Often pathologic enlargement of the heart filled with venous blood. 4) Often hemorrhage of jugular vein or along the spinal cord (after Prof. Miyamoto) and the capillaries of various body parts. The gizzard was always, except a single case, empty. The pectoral muscles were normal or slightly, or rarely considerably, weakened, and the fat varied in amount by individual from much to none.
6. Young Sparganum mansoni (Cestoda) were found in 8 birds out of 69 examples examined, parasitizing subcutaneously on the surface of pectoral muscles or inner side of the thigh muscles; probably the first record in wild birds. It was also found in the intestine in 26% examples examined, and other parasite, Acanthocephala (and one Cestoda sp.) was found in 21% examples. Pathological examination made by Prof. Tabe, as well as Dr. Kametani and Miss Kihara, parasitologists, did not prove the presence of cercaria and eggs of Gigantobilhazia sturniae Tabe (1948) known in this starling from other prefectures. Results of anatomical, histological and some bacteriologic and pesticide examinations done by Prof. Miyamoto are also included, but direct factor causing the fatal cranial and lung diseases has not been clarified.
7. Ecologically, it was found that 1) Average 71%, even 80% at Koshigaya, of the roost-dead birds were males, 3) Seasonally, January and February were the peak of the disease. Considerations were given from some ecological point of view.
8. The roost-mortality was estimated from two calculations. The roosting density was estimated conservatively as 15 birds in 1m². (indirect photographic data, though night flash-photos were not available were considered), and based on the collected dead birds within the measured research areas, the mortality was estimated as 1.01% at Koshigaya, 0.46% at Shinhama and 0.24% at Kozukue. The high % of Koshigaya was apparently due to too small measured area. On the other hand, the mortality was calculated also the other way based on the % of estimated total of dead birds, calculated from the collected dead birds and the % of area covered to entire roost area.

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The genus Parthenium contains plants which produce latex, although only P. argentatum produces the commercially important product, rubber, in sufficiently large quantities. Parthenium forms a natural polyploid series (Stebbins and Kodani 1944, Bergner 1944) and although many meiotic studies have been conducted, little mitotic karyological data has been published. This paper presents the first mitotic karyotype and idiogram of Parthenium argentatum (2n=36). In addition, a technique for production of well spread mitotic chromosome squashes is outlined.

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In order to estimate the amounts of VC excreted in the urine after administering ArAA to VC deficient subjects, the method of Nagayama was adopted with satisfactory results.
A comparison was made between the amounts of the reduced VC excreted in the urine after administering ArAA and AA, respectively, to VC deficient subjects and it was revealed that the rate of excretion of reduced ArAA was very high and reached about ten to fifteen times as high as that of AA.
The result of measuring the total VC has equally revealed that, after loading with AA only, about 5% of the amount loaded was excreted, whereas after administering ArAA, more than 50% of the amount loaded was excreted in the urine in 6 hours. This indicates that ArAA, not only its reduced form, but also the total VC, is excreted in the urine at a far higher rate than AA. It may be concluded that the duration of fixation and the amount preserved within the human body in VC deficiency are extremely small, and consequently that its anti-scorbutic activity in the VC dificient human body is trifling compared with that of AA.

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  A fungus producing an α-glucosidase that synthesizes α-1,3- and α-1,2-linked glucooligosaccharides by transglucosylation was isolated and identified as Paecilomyces lilacinus. The cell-bound enzyme responsible for the synthesis was extracted by suspension of mycelia with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), and the extract was purified. The molecular weight and the isoelectric point were estimated to be 54,000 and 9.1, respectively. The enzyme was most active at pH 5.0 and 65°C. The enzyme hydrolyzed maltose, nigerose, and kojibiose. The enzyme also hydrolyzed soluble starch and amylose with the rate toward maltose. p-Nitrophenyl α-glucoside and isomaltose were not good substrates. The enzyme had high transglucosylation activity to synthesize oligosaccharides containing α-1,3- and α-1,2-linkages. At an early stage of the reaction, considerable maltotriose, 4-O-α-nigerosyl-D-glucose, and 4-O-α-kojibiosyl-D-glucose were synthesized. Afterwards, nigerose and kojibiose were accumulated gradually with glucose as an acceptor.

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Making use of newly declassified materials, mainly from Russian archives, this paper examines four cases in which the shifting of borders was on Stalin's agenda, although the acquisition of territory was not necessarily the main goal. All of these proposed/threatened border adjustments took place during –, as Stalin's tank armies and diplomacy, flush with victory, recaptured much of the irredenta lost at the end of the Tsarist period. Two cases presented below took place in Europe and the other two in Asia, with consequences extending the length of “Slavic Eurasia” from Germany to Japan.
In the first three cases, Stalin's main goals, hidden behind border changes linked to arguments regarding territory, nationality, population and history, were to maintain lines of communication into Central Europe and buffer Siberia's soft underbelly. The rival great powers, the US and Britain, ultimately sanctioned these changes at the expense of Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and China to the benefit of Romania, Mongolia and the USSR. In all three negotiations, Stalin managed to position himself as an arbiter, sitting in judgment with Churchill between “Lublin” and “London” Poles; listening sympathetically to conflicting Central European claims in the second case; and “balancing” between Mongolian and Chinese demands in the third. Stalin basically achieved his goals in all three cases.
In the Iran/Turkey case, Stalin's veiled goals were a more fundamental threat to the emerging postwar order, aiming at oil concessions in Iran and a naval base at the Dardanelles. Contrary to his Marxist assumptions, competition for spheres of strategic and commercial interest among capitalists did not split Britain and the US. Instead they united to thwart him, first by implying support (Churchill regarding Turkey in 1944 and Ambassador Smith (US) regarding oil in March 1946) and then abandoning these offers.
What we learn from these cases is that Stalin's cookbook of border-making always made use of the same ingredients, roughly matching Stalin's complex calculation of modern power. Geopolitics was favored, but this might privilege the acquisition of military lines of communication, of strategic resources, or of population, instead of territory per se. Additionally, since border-making invariably involved borderlands with their nationality patchwork and passions, Stalin, with a long history of nationality work from his early days in the Bolshevik party, developed special initiatives along these lines. He proved particularly adept at mobilizing and supporting grassroots ethnic and political emotions, while supplying arms, money and encouragement to magnify their visibility. Local movements at the borders put pressure on his diplomatic interlocutors, while instigating nationalist fervor obscured the judgment of his enemies. Once they had served their purpose in Stalin's “Great Game,” local actors were liable to be discarded.

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The present experiments examined the effects of electrical stimulation of the superior ovarian nerve (SON) and the ovarian plexus nerve (OPN) on the ovarian estradiol secretion in rats. The rats were anesthetized on the day of estrus, and the ovarian venous blood was collected intermittently. The secretion rate of estradiol from the ovary was calculated from differences in the estradiol concentration between ovarian venous plasma and systemic arterial blood plasma, and from the flow rate of ovarian venous plasma. Either an SON or OPN, ipsilateral to the ovary from which ovarian venous blood was collected, was electrically stimulated at a supramaximal intensity for C-fibers. The secretion rate of estradiol was significantly decreased by 47 ± 6% during SON stimulation, but it was not significantly changed during OPN stimulation. These results suggest that autonomic nerves, which reach the ovary via the SON, have an inhibitory role in ovarian estradiol secretion.

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Since the publication of the Hand-List Jap. Bds., 1942, many changes in scientific names are apparently necessary. The author compiled such items from American publications received after the war. Altogether 23 changes are recorded but some names are suggestive and not final.

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On 15th August 1945, Japanese government accepted the "Potsdam Declaration", and the Second World War ended. Based on the "Potsdam Declaration" and General Order No.1 by Office of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Republic of China started to get the governance of Taiwan. But from 15th August to 25th October, the day Japanese Governor General Rikichi Ando subscribed the Declaration of the surrender of Taiwan to the Allied Powers, there was a political vacuum period in Taiwan. On 16th August 1945, Koo Chen-fu took part in a meeting with a few Japanese Army Officers in Taiwan to have a plan to keep the social and political order in Formosa. That meeting has been considered as a conspiracy of "Taiwan Independence" or "Taiwan Autonomy Planning", after ROC got the governing power there. In fact, according to the instruction of Japanese Governor General, the attendance of the meeting did nothing about that. Even so, the ROC governing entity in Taiwan arrested the members in February 1946 as they involved in the "Taiwan Independent Plot", and Koo Chen-fu was sentenced to be imprisoned in July 1947. This article makes clear that the background of unfair judgment on Koo Chen-fu and real purpose of the Taiwan Garrison Command to capture those pro-Japanese Intellectual Taiwanese Group.

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Even from the same film material, change of the way to edit film makes it possible to emphasize the story and other characteristics than the story in the film. That consequently changes effects on the viewer. Editing film designs not only the film itself but also the cognitive relation between the film and the viewer. This study used the scene of The Passion of Joan of Arc by Carl Th. Dreyer that Joan cuts her hair, and edited 16 kinds of films. 10 of them were used to conduct a questionnaire survey and look at the designs. Especially in the dialectic editing emphasizing the story by adopting 4 kinds of montage theories (metric montage, rhythmic montage, tonal montage, and overtonal montage) by Eisenstein, the editing separating them off, and the editing combining both of them, we discuss the differences in the processes of designing rhythm of film in the cognitive relation with the viewer. Particularly in the film emphasizing irrational cutting aspects, viewer's viewpoints frequently changed, which indicated the move of viewpoints to other things like editing than the story, and in the film emphasizing the dialectic aspects, it was indicated that they tended to be absorbed in the story.

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